Quantum biology - coherence I.

How can we overcome the decoherence problem when matter meets surroundings? This is the question that has stopped high temp. superconduction. Now it may be solved. Universal Dynamical Decoupling of a Single Solid-State Spin from a Spin Bath, by G. de Lange in Science today, may have an answer to the problem, reported by ScienceDaily.

By applying a specially designed sequence of high-precision electromagnetic pulses, the scientists were able to protect the arbitrary quantum state of a single spin, and they made the spin evolve as if it was completely decoupled from the outside world. In this way, scientists achieved a 25-fold increase in the lifetime of the quantum spin state at room temperature. This is the first demonstration of a universal dynamical decoupling realized on a single solid state quantum spin.

The researchers developed and implemented a special kind of quantum control over a single quantum magnetic moment (spin) of an atomic-sized impurity in diamond. These impurities, called nitrogen-vacancy (or N-V) centers, have attracted much attention due to their unusual magnetic and optical properties.

DOE/Ames Laboratory "Implementing dynamical decoupling on a single quantum spin in solid state at room temperature has been an appealing but distant goal for quite a while," said Viatcheslav Dobrovitski.

"Uncontrolled interactions of the spins with the environment have been the major hurdle for implementing quantum technologies. Our results demonstrate that this hurdle can be overcome by advanced control of the spin itself," said Ronald Hanson from Kavli Institute of Nanoscience at Delft.

Besides its importance to fundamental understanding of quantum mechanics, the team's achievement opens a way to using the impurity centers in diamond as highly sensitive nanoscale magnetic sensors, and potentially, as qubits for larger-scale quantum information processing.

Earlier have optical techniques been used. An electron spin localized in a quantum dot is the quantum bit. The spin replaces a classical digital bit, which can take on two values, usually labeled 0 and 1. The electron spin can also take on two values. However, since it is a quantum object, it can also take all values in between. Obviously, such a quantum unit can hold much more information than a classical one. That is why, scientists around the world are trying to find an efficient way to control and manipulate the electron spin in a quantum dot in order to enable new quantum devises using magnetic and electric fields. The electron spin precession frequencies in an external magnetic field are different from each other due to small variations of the quantum dot shape and size. In addition, the electron spin precession frequency has a contribution of a random hyperfine field of the nuclear spins in the quantum dot volume. This makes a coherent control and manipulation of electron spins in an ensemble of quantum dots 'impossible'.

In a Science publication (Science, vol. 313, 341 (2006)),was demonstrated a method, whereby a tailored periodic illumination with a pulsed laser can drive a large fraction of electron spins (up to 30%) in an ensemble of quantum dots into a synchronized motion. almost the whole ensemble of electron spins (90%) precesses coherently under periodic resonant excitation. It turns out that the nuclear contribution to the electron spin precession acts constructively by focusing the electron spin precession in different quantum dots to a few precession modes controlled by the laser excitation protocol, instead of acting as a random perturbation of electron spins, as it was thought previously.

In optical entanglement experiments, a pair of entangled photons may be separated via a beam splitter. Despite their physical separation, the entangled photons continue to act as a single quantum object. They uses electrons in a superconductor in place of photons in an optical system. The electrons they conduct entangle to form what are known as Cooper pairs. In the new experiment, Cooper pairs flow through a superconducting bridge until they reach a carbon nanotube that acts as the electronic equivalent of a beam splitter. Occasionally, the electrons part ways and are directed to separate quantum dots - but remain entangled.

Quantum networks use entangled qubits. Solid-state quantum bits, or "qubits," can communicate with one another over long distances. This would require the nodes that process and store quantum data in qubits to be connected to one another by entanglement, also at long distance.

"Demonstration of quantum entanglement between a solid-state material and photons is an important advance toward linking qubits together into a quantum network."

One can engineer and control the interaction between individual photons and matter in a solid-state material, and the photons can be imprinted with the information stored in a qubit. Builds upon earlier work by Lukin's group to use single atom impurities in diamonds as qubits. Lukin and colleagues have previously shown that these impurities can be controlled by focusing laser light on a diamond lattice flaw where nitrogen replaces an atom of carbon. That previous work showed that the so-called spin degrees of freedom of these impurities make excellent quantum memory.

Lukin and his co-authors now say that these impurities are also remarkable because, when excited with a sequence of finely tuned microwave and laser pulses, they can emit photons one at a time, such that photons are entangled with quantum memory. Such a stream of single photons can be used for secure transmission of information.

"Since photons are the fastest carriers of quantum information, and spin memory can robustly store quantum information for relatively long periods of time, entangled spin-photon pairs are ideal for the realization of quantum networks," Lukin says. "Such a network, a quantum analog to the conventional internet, could allow for absolutely secure communication over long distances."

Rådmark, oct -09, and his team proved experimentally that their six photon qubits are robust and should be able to reliably carry information over long distances.


A new method for combining six photons together results in a highly robust qubit capable of transporting quantum information over long distances.


Driving a qubit along a longer quantum path (routes 2 and 3) dramatically improves the signal quality over that achieved by following the shorter path (route 1). The research applies to information stored in qubits that consisted of Nitrogen-based defects in diamond, as schematically shown on the right.

In most arrangements that rely on Nitrogen atoms in diamond to store data, reading the information also resets the qubit, which means there is only one opportunity to measure the state of the qubit. By developing a technique that involves the spin of the Nitrogen nucleus in the process as well, a team of physicists at the University of Stuttgart in Germany has turned the single step read-out into a multi-step process.

Rather than simply resetting the electron-based qubit when the information is read, the researchers discovered that they can force the state of the Nitrogen nucleus to change state twice before the information in the qubit is finally erased.

A quantum network – in which memory devices that store quantum states are interconnected with quantum information processing devices – is a prototype for designing a quantum internet. The atomic-ensemble memory can receive an arbitrary polarization state of an incoming photon, called a polarization qubit, announce successful storage of the qubit, and later regenerate another photon with the same polarization state.

So now maybe quantum biology also has come a step closer? Synergy and coherence are cornerstones. Earlier we saw that DNA can be made to act as 'transistors' for this world web of information. Is that the essence of the quantum antenna?

Sensitivity. Brain modelling VII.

"But one serious question would arise at this point. That is, how could one guarantee the robustness of such seemingly classical phenomena including our brain activities." - Matsuno Koichiro. "It seems that consciousness operates very well in the classical realm." In: A Quantum Leap in Biology. The quantum criticality is the big problem. Is the Schrödinger cat dead or alive?


In previous posting we saw that it was coordination and control that governed living matter. Coordination is negentropy that diminish the degrees of freedom, control is entropy, a growing energy inflow and chaos. Phase transitions and quantum tunnellings, that is motor reactions, are maybe the outcome of control. It is quantum tunnelling that diminish the degrees of freedom most. Receptors are very much about quantum tunnelling. According to the earlier post this also determine the sensitivity of living matter, through subCDs ('causal diamonds'), branchings, fractality and topology; that is by maximazing the negentropy.

Neuronal synchronization, coordination.
Synchronization is spatial and temporal, non-dissipative and negentropic. It is one part of the sensitivity. Neurons are indeed capable of synchronizing to increase the sensitivity. Neuronal networks appear to respond to fields with more sensitivity than single neurons. A collective population effect seen in detector numbers and/or their couplings. (I) Branching gives a higher sensitivity.

The other part of sensitivity is control. Modulation by small fields has advantages in control devices that use electric fields to modulate neuronal networks. Photons can be used as well, as seen in Popp's works. The control can both stimulate and inhibite and operate at the smallest possible field strength to minimize the potential for unwanted functional effects or tissue damage from long-term chronic stimulation. An extremely small signal is used, related to the sensitivity.

Peripheral nerves are situated in a highly non-homogeneous environment, including muscles, bones, blood vessels, etc. what makes the control much more difficult. The control signal must be well directed and meaningful (not give dissonances). This answers the question 'When is this interaction harmful?' Information about the perceptive environmental or endogen field = disturbances of the harmonic synchronity. So we have a synchronity that is disturbed (stressed). Is the outcome harmony, then we talk of regulation, but if the outcome is disharmony it can still be regulated by inducing more stress (giving more energy), until next harmonious level is reached. This we call allostasy. Disease can also be seen as allostasy, if it make the individ change his perception fields (energy intake) or balance his degrees of freedom seen in organization (change his lifestyle often).

In the case of magnetoreception we have to use amplitude windows (that is the perception fields for our senses), that is, to shield against too high environmental or endogen magnetic influence, so we can keep the sensitivity. But to shield too much is not good either. Living systems benefit from magnetic fields, and give more motor output. Living systems are open systems that interact with the environment. The sensitivity is resonating too? Too much or too little control give an stress-effect. It is the control functions that have the most severe impact from ELF-fields, as Pitkänen suggests? Homeostasis is normal biocontrol with negative control loops, striving to harmony; allostasis is a control with exaggerated loops that enlarge the disturbance, until it reach harmonious levels?


Extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields.
Magnetic fields can be percieved but not electric fields (Marino & Becker). Magnetic fields give mostly an effect on the motor output of the system, where short-term memory, cognition, psychomotor functions and biochemical reactions all are included. Magnetic fields have links to photoreception in the eye, and produce lightphenomena.

One of the key questions related to interactions of low-frequency magnetic fields with biological systems is which parameters of the exposure field are responsible for observed effects. When a cell is exposed to a time-varying magnetic field, this leads to an induced voltage on the cytoplasmic membrane, as well as on the membranes of the internal organelles, such as mitochondria. It do not have to be the field that change,the same result comes from a living object moving in graded fields. And magnetic fields have often a steep gradient. Spatial patterns of induced electric fields and currents in the tissues are important, seen in A 3-D pattern, or 4-D if the time aspect are included (the locomotion or the wave density). Consciousness is perhaps a derivate of time as sampled moments (Popp)or stories.

Baureus et al could quantitatively confirm the quantum mechanical theoretical model by Blanchard,which assume that biologically active ions can be bound to a channel protein and influence the opening state of the channel. Suitable combinations of static and time varying magnetic fields directly interact with the Ca(2+) channel protein in the cell membrane.
A random model indicates that for higher cell densities the pattern of the induced current flow depends mostly on the actual cell placement. Gap junctions, not surprisingly, are shown to increase the current density (they form networks), but only if their resistance is sufficiently low. The highest current density occurs in the gaps. Lowest resistence is in the acupunctures (and meridians, with gap-junctions).

Ritz, 2000, has made a radical-pair theory for MF-ELF. Behavioral and theoretical studies suggest a link between photoreception and magnetoreception in some animals, as seen in migrating birds etc. They claim the possibility that magnetoreception involves radical-pair processes that are governed by anisotropic hyperfine coupling between (unpaired) electron and nuclear spins. Theoretically fields of geomagnetic field strength and weaker can produce significantly different reaction yields for different alignments of the radical pairs with the magnetic field. As a model for a magnetic sensory organ we propose a system of radical pairs being
1) orientationally ordered in a molecular substrate and
2) exhibiting changes in the reaction yields that affect the visual transduction pathway. 3-D visual modulation patterns can arise from the influence of the geomagnetic field on radical-pair systems. The variations of these patterns with orientation and field strength can furnish the magnetic compass ability of birds with the same characteristics as observed in behavioral experiments. He proposes that the recently discovered photoreceptor cryptochrome is part of the magnetoreception system.

The model seems to hold. It have been prooved a lot since 2000.

To describe the interactions of weak electromagnetic fields on channel proteins in the cell membrane, Malka, 2009, evaluated three models. The Ion Parametric Resonance model predicts a biological response at well-defined resonance frequencies for magnetic fields exceeding about 10 micro-Tesla. The oscillating magnetic field is assumed to act on proteins together with the earth's static magnetic field. This model predicts amplitude windows. We explain how a purely magnetic interaction, where in a two-stage ion magnetic resonance model, the conformation of a protein is changed under the influence of ions attached to its surface, which in turn, changes the function of the protein, can overcome the inherent signal-to-noise problem caused by electric thermal noise.
The hydrogen nuclear polarization model predicts a biological response for oscillating magnetic field strengths above 0.1 micro-Tesla. The presence of a static magnetic field is required, and biological effects can be expected for frequencies below a few hundred hertz.
The forced vibration model cannot be applied for amplitude modulated microwaves.

Saunders et al. The integrative properties of the synapses and neural networks of the CNS render cognitive function sensitive to the effects of physiologically weak electric fields, below the threshold for peripheral nerve stimulation (cognitions are subconscious). However, the only direct evidence of these weak field interactions within the CNS is the induction of magnetic phosphenes in humans-the perception of faint flickering light in the periphery of the visual field, by magnetic field exposure. Other tissues are potentially sensitive to induced electric fields through effects on voltage-gated ion channels, but the sensitivity of these ion channels is likely to be lower than those of nerve and muscle cells specialized for rapid electrical signaling. In addition, such tissues lack the integrative properties of synapses and neuronal networks that render the CNS potentially more vulnerable. See Marino & Becker for more details.


AC/DC electric fields.
AC sinusoidal electric fields have smaller effects on transmembrane potentials: sensitivity drops as an exponential decay function of frequency. At 50 and 60 Hz it is approximately 0.4 that for DC fields. This gives a smaller window for changing fields (maybe by creating standing waves). In AC fields, particles experience polarizing effects that induce dipoles that orient elongated specimens either parallel or perpendicular to the field lines, seen in for instance photoreceptor cells. The internal structure of the rods is complex, hundreds of membrane sacs (disks) being packed in a very ordered manner (the disks stack). The primary reactions of visual transduction occur within the disk membrane. (II)Ordered, negentropic structures are more sensitive to ELF-fields.

The cells are orienting, deforming, moving, or rotating. These effects originate in the interfacial polarization produced by AC field at the structural interfaces within the cell. Interaction of the induced cellular dipole with the external field results in translation or rotation of cells, according to their dielectric properties. (III) Interfaces, or extracellular spaces are more sensitive than intercellular structures.

Whether weak environmental ELF fields affect neuronal firing will be a function of the reduction in ambient field by the anatomic layers surrounding the brain and the neuronal modulation threshold. Anatomic layers are perineural sheat, myelin, fat, membranes etc.

How is the shielding done?
Oriented low amplitude effects, as in lipid layers, are distinct from the depolarization block seen with unoriented fields of higher amplitude and frequency.

1. Depolarisation effects.
- transmembrane potentials, lipids have a low dielectric constant. In the case of extremely low frequency electric fields (ELF, 1–300 Hz) modulation of membrane potential is the most likely. The linear dielectric response of cells in suspension directly correlates with the membrane potential. The extreme shielding is the myelin-sheat around the axons. The condition of the cell membrane is also very important; cholesterol, proteines, enzymes etc. Mitochondrions have a many-layer membrane. In the cytoplasma are many membranes too. Modelling shows that the membranes shield the magnetic fields, and keep the intracellular space quite normal. This is classic physics, also described by Presman 1970.
- effects on timing give distinct thresholds. These threshold fields are consistent with current environmental guidelines. They correspond to changes in somatic potential of approximately 70 microV, below membrane potential noise levels for neurons, demonstrating the emergent properties of neuronal networks can be more sensitive than measurable effects in single neurons.
- neuronal shape, cell geometry, extracellular-to-intracellular volume ratio. Theory predicts that elongated neurons (geometry) should have submillivolt per millimeter sensitivity, as seen above. Significant interaction in normal, rounded cells with an electric field requires an effect on cellular biochemical processes fluctuations relevant to biological membranes such as voltage-gated ion channels and their associated ion fluxes.greater than the "molecular shot noise" driven by macromolecular thermal fluctuations. Based on an elongated neuron model with thermal noise, the threshold for electric field interaction was much lower, estimated near 100 µV/mm (Weaver et al., 1998). Reason: the neural inhibition? It is suggested that there are no clear threshold (Deans 2007).
- weak perturbations can synchronize oscillatory physical systems. Neural inhibition has a compressing and timing effect. Endogenous local field potentials, as calciumwaves, resting membrane potentials, etc. are large enough to play a role in the synchronization of neuronal networks in the intact brain. Noise can synchronize too. Because small fields can modulate neuronal excitability in a subthreshold manner, network activity could modulate the excitability of cells that are not spiking and of cells not connected synaptically to the firing neurons producing the electrical fields (see place cells, odor recognition), where the phase of the rhythmic local field potential is important in neural encoding.
- Cyclotrone resonances, calciumwaves are the most important harmonious endogenous field wave.

2. Populational effects.
- Cellular packing, consistent structure, as seen in hippocampus. CA1 is so dense that it can display epileptiform events even in the absence of functioning chemical synapses. Electric fields play likely a significant role in ensemble activity. They increases the electrical impedance and field interactions between cells.

3. Orientational effects.
- somata asymmetrically placed with respect to their dendritic trees, and the sensitivity of a neuron (hippocampal pyramidal cells) to firing rate modulation from an imposed electric field is related to the amount of positional asymmetry of the soma with respect to the dendritic tree.
- adjacent cells have parallel dendrites, which favor interaction with fields aligned along the collective somatodendritic axes

4. Outer field effects.
- neuronal resonant frequencies and waveforms sinusoidal input fields might decrease further the field strength required to observe synchronization.
- stochastic resonance, added noise. 'White noise' electric field stimulation with spike-triggered averaging of the preceding electric field optimize the field morphology (harmony created?).
- conformational changes can come from induced potential across membranes and affect metabolic processes in the mitochondria and give rise to harmonic generation at multiples of the excitation frequency. The induced potential is highly sensitive to changes in matrix conductivity, both increasing and shifting dramatically to lower frequencies with decreasing matrix conductivity. According to the chemiosmotic model, energy stored in the transmembrane electrochemical gradient is converted into the bond energy of ATP by the ATP synthase. The proton motive force (PMF) drives the production of ATP. The proton (pH) gradient contributes to about 60 mV with a difference of about - 140 mV for a net PMF of about 200 mV. This corresponds to a change in Gibbs free energy of - 4,6 kcal/mole for each proton translocation. This oscillatory component, when added to the excisting membrane potential, could easily modulate the conformational states, resulting in nonlinear harmonic response (give an output = motor effect).

5. Water content.
Marino & Becker points to the importance of water. Chronic exposure to ELF-fields give stress (corticosteorids and triglycerids in blood up), inhibited phagocytos in several organs, a growing rate of organization/repair in bones, medication amount down, an negative impact on growth of testes, thyreoidea, and an increased consumption of water. Ohno (2001) mentions that symptoms in aging are the same as from magnetic fields: fever, nausea, dizzieness, disorientation, and dehydration speed up the disease process. Na-intake makes things worse. A 5% water loss starts the body deteroriation, seen in fatigue, general discomfort and abnormal body chemistry. Does the 'chrystal water' in cells also react?


Membranes and the Extracellular Matrix.
At first sight, such changes in membrane potential seem orders of magnitude too small to significantly influence neuronal signalling. However, in the CNS a number of mechanisms exist which amplify signals. This may allow such small changes in membrane potential to induce significant physiological effects.

DC electric fields applied to the CA1 region showed (Deans et al. 2007) that the resulting changes in transmembrane potential had a time constant of several tens of milliseconds (which also says that AC fields at powerline frequencies will have weaker effects). The time aspect is treated in content of consciousness.

The extracellular matrix is very important for the health aspect and for the magnetic-electric induction. Also the water content is important. Alfred Pischinger has done much for the understanding of this field. His book 'The Extracellular Matrix and Ground Regulation' is a classic.


Organizational capacity.
Induced harmony, negentropy, resonance tuning between coherent fields and biological matter (preferently DNA) governs the availibility of energy in a cocerted action of the whole, says Popp. This would mean that magnetic waves are always coherent, and holistic. Change one part of the field and every other part is also changed. This would indicate a resonance between two coherent systems, the living matter, with the consciousness, and the electromagnetic fields that are holistic (including living matter). It should be noted that these features of biophotons characterizes animated matter as a subject of coherent states where every part is connected to every other part, constituting in this way an integrative, holistic system, he writes. Of entangled systems, I continue. Two equally coherent fields, the difference is that one of them are creating and conscious. But fields also mingle, change, computate. Where is the difference? The density alone, the degrees of freedom?

The problem is to understand how the geometric data (posititions of the objects of perceptive field and also their velocities plus other geometric data such has shapes) could be coded to frequencies. What is the spectroscpy of consciousness?, asks Pitkänen. This leads to an computation, or changing of the frequential codes, the geometry.

There are several kinds of frequencies, he says, for instance:
1. The harmonics of the fundamental frequencies assignable to causal diamonds and coming as octaves and assignable to elementary particles in zero energy ontology (the degrees of freedom/energy). Signal is received by sub-CD when the frequency corresponds to this kind of frequency so that it acts like radio receiver (resonans).
*Sub-CDs are imbedding space correlates for mental images. The frequencies f=c/T and their harmonics assignable to CD with time scale T a Lorentz transformation correspond to biologically important time scales. .1 Hz for electron and millisecond for u and d quarks. They act as resonance frequencies. Lorentz boost changes of the fundamental frequency continuously.

2. The Lorentz transformation of sub-CD representing mental image induces a scaling of these frequencies. This transformation of sub-CD changing its shape could represent the velocity of object of perceptive field by frequency coding. This is the information in the geometric structures.

3. The moduli space of CDs leads to a very precise proposal about the representation of geometric qualia. Also the earlier model for honeybee dance inspired by the observation of topologist Barbara Shipman that honeybee dance and quarks relate to each other in some mysterious manner fits with this general picture nicely. This is the coding.

Ca++ cyclotrone frequencies.
*Cyclotron frequencies: control of biological body by magnetic body, (Pitkänen). I will come back to this.

Synchronizing functions.
Proton pumps (pH), ATP.
Nawarathna et al. report on harmonic generation by budding yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in response to sinusoidal electric fields with amplitudes ranging from zero to 5 V/cm in the frequency range 10-300 Hz. The cell-generated harmonics are found to exhibit strong amplitude and frequency dependence. Sodium metavanadate, an inhibitor of the proton pump known as H+-ATPase, and glucose, a substrate of H+-ATPase, are found to increase harmonic production at low amplitudes while reducing it at large amplitudes. This P-type proton pump can be driven by an oscillatory transmembrane potential, and its nonlinear response is believed to be largely responsible for harmonic production at low frequencies in yeast cells. We find that the observed harmonics show dramatic changes with time and in their field and frequency dependence after perturbing the system by adding an inhibitor, substrate, or membrane depolarizer to the cell suspension.

Josephsons frequencies.
*Josephson frequencies assigned with Josephson junctions assignable to either cell membrane or identified as the flux tubes connecting lipids to DNA nucleotides: communication of sensory data to cell membrane from magnetic body.

Chen et al. writes: A well designed dichotomous oscillating electric field with a frequency close to the Na/K pumps' natural turnover rate can synchronize the pump molecules. Characteristics of the synchronized pumps include: (1) outward pump currents responding to Na-extrusion and inward pump currents responding to K-pumping in are separated; (2) magnitude of the outward pump currents can be up to three times higher than that of the randomly paced pump currents; (3) magnitude ratio of the outward over inward pump currents reveals the 3:2 stoichiometry of the pumps. We, further, gradually increased the field oscillating frequency in a stepwise pattern and kept pump synchronization in each step. We found that the pumps' turnover rate could be modulated up as the field frequency increased. Consequently, the pump currents significantly increased by many fold. In summary, these results show that the catalytic cycle of Na/K pumps can be synchronized and modulated by a well designed oscillating electric field resulting in activation of the pump functions.
And they continue 2008: The synchronized pump currents show separated outward and inward components, where the magnitude of the outward component is about three times the randomly-paced pump currents, and the magnitude-ratio of the outward to inward pump currents is close to 3:2, which reflects the stoichiometric ratio of the pump molecules. Once synchronized, the pumping rate is restricted to the field frequency, and the pump currents are mainly dependent on the field frequency, but not the field strength.

This can also be taken as a proof for non-dissipative transport by the solitonic nerve pulse with Josephsons currents. In 2002 Chen writes: The voltage dependence of the Na/K pump (ATPase) transient currents from skeletal muscle is similar to the steady-state I-V curve from either skeletal muscle fibers or cardiac muscles. It is a sigmoidal-shaped, asymmetric curve with respect to the membrane resting potential. This asymmetric, rectifier-like voltage dependence indicates that a symmetric oscillating membrane potential may generate a net, outward pump current. In other words, the Na/K pump molecules may be activated by an oscillating membrane potential. In a computer simulation 2008 he writes: We found that a specially designed oscillating electric field can eventually synchronize the pump molecules so that all the individual pumps run at the same pumping rate and phase as the field oscillation. They extrude Na ions during the positive half-cycle and pump in K ions during the negative half-cycle. The field can force the two ion-transports into the corresponding half-cycles, respectively, but cannot determine their detailed positions. In other words, the oscillating electric field can synchronize pumps in terms of their pumping loops but not at a specific step in the loop.


Relaxation function.
After exposure of a living system to external light illumination of different wavelengths, there happens a delayed "coupling" of biophotons when coherent nets evolve. This binds the energy in reduced states, and relax the system. The energycapacitor is ATP, DNA, carbon-structures (rings), redox-reactions, phosphorylations, phase-transitions and radical-pairs of diamagnetic-paramagnetic atoms. These changes are then almost as cellular automata?


Biological systems always display an hyperbolic relaxation to the „delayed luminescence„. This is in the case of an ergodic system (which is subject to a Poissonian distribution of the photocount statistics) a proof for perfect coherence of the biophoton field. Popp.

It should be noted that these features of biophotons characterizes animated matter as a subject of coherent states where every part is connected to every other part, constituting in this way an integrative, holistic system. Entangled states, seen in the mitotic spindle, for instance, after Popp. A "supergenome" is the result.




Mitotic figures are controlled by the coherent field of cavity resonator modes which are stabilized under the boundary conditions of the interacting matter. In this way biological systems are governed by the coherent feedback coupling of the biophoton field and matter. Mitotic figures show evidence of holistic regulation.

In this picture biological systems are squeezed in between the tendency of increase of entropy in terms of decoupling of modes (individualization, like cell growth) and coupling (holistic integration, like cell differentiation, establishing there higher states of organization), says Popp. I wonder if this are the reals contra p-adics that Pitkänen discuss as islands of life?


Living matter accumulate alpha waves in 7,5 - 13 Hz Schumann resonanses. The meridians do have the ability to transfer these resonant frequencies and reject others. Health is based on the energetic balance between organism and environment, exactly as the ancient Chinese tradidion claim. The manipulation of the needles gives too very low frequencies in alpha-region. The EEG could remain altered (relaxed) for a considerable time, from Cosic et al. 2006.

Energy distribution.
Without excitation by photons that gives activation energy (free energy) chemical reactions are made possible. It is the distribution of energy that regulates the chemical reactions. The frequency is 'put in jail' by chemical bonds. A negentropic storage of sun energy, or light, that are delayed in its transition through matter. This is also seen in a thermal delay, an entropic delay. Also as a time delay that makes our consciousness possible. The difference in entropy is seen as phase differences, transitions. Higher entropy is higher energy.

Acupuncture meridians.
In chinese acupuncture meridian theory the balance and harmony is also very important. In this context it can be described as synchronization, communication, coordination and coherence, or negentropic maximation principle. Smoothness in moving and ontology. The energizing, entropic forces are mostly the disturbing ones, coming from emotions, body functions or environment. Illness is mostly emotional or environmental. They occur together, one cannot be without the other, but their outcome should be as balanced as possible.

Pitkänen 2010: This vision adds to the standard view about brain an additional layer responsible for the sensory representations and brings in the quantum level of control (possibly from magnetic body) so that nerve pulse patterns are only part of the control loop. By activating magnetic flux tubes, massless extremals (MEs) that create coherent states of photons (reduced?, my comment) and possibly also other gauge bosons, generate magnetic quantum phase transitions, and induce supra currents, Josephson currents and Ohmic currents, provide a realization for the 'keyboard' metaphor of this brain-computer. Brain serves as central processing unit: the computations carried out are parallel computations and program modules are replaced by various self-organization patterns. p.8.



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Malka N. Halgamuge, Bertil R.R. Perssont, Leif G. Salford, Priyan Mendis, Jacob Eberhardt. Comparison Between Two Models for Interactions Between Electric and Magnetic Fields and Proteins in Cell Membranes. Environmental Engineering Science. October 2009, 26(10): 1473-1480. doi:10.1089/ees.2009.0014.

Nawarathna D, Claycomb JR, Cardenas G, Gardner J, Warmflash D, Miller JH Jr, Widger WR., 2006: Harmonic generation by yeast cells in response to low-frequency electric fields. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2006 May;73(5 Pt 1):051914. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16802974

Alfred Pischinger,Hartmut Heine,Ingeborg Eibl, 2007: The Extracellular Matrix and Ground Regulation: Basis for a Holistic Biological Medicine. North Atlantic BooksGoogle books. With new material.

Matti Pitkänen 2010: Quantum model for sensory representations, in: TGD INSPIRED THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS, PART I: BASIC IDEAS OF TGD INSPIRED THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS.
http://tgd.wippiespace.com/public_html/pdfpool/expc.pdf

Fritz-Albert Popp, Biophysical Aspects of the Psychic Situation. International Institute of Biophysics (Biophotonics). http://www.lifescientists.de/ib0203e_1.htm

Ritz T., Adem S., Schulten K., 2000: A model for photoreceptor-based magnetoreception in birds. Biophys. J. 78, 707–718. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76629-X

Saunders RD, Jefferys JG., 2007: A neurobiological basis for ELF guidelines. Health Phys. 2007 Jun;92(6):596-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17495661

Weaver JC, Vaughan TE, Adair RK, Astumian RD (1998) Theoretical limits on the threshold for the response of long cells to weak extremely low frequency electric fields due to ionic and molecular flux rectification. Biophys J 75: 2251-2254. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1299899/?tool=pubmed

Magnetoreceptors. Brain modelling VI.

The effects of magnetic fields have given inconclusive results. In some cases the growth is accelerated, but more often inhibated (the mitotic cycle). It also act on the metabolic rate (diffusion, migration of molecules) to complex adaptive biological processes including magnetic alignment and orientation. Cancer research has neither given any conclusive results. Sometimes a regression is seen, more often an acceleration, as if some inhibition would be taken away, often permanently (a memory function, accumulated effect?). Static fields and pulsated fields are both used, and both give effects. Those windows are different for different shapes, ages, genders, differential steps, sizes as cells, cellparts... There are a time window, and a spatial window, an entropic window and a negentropic window. A 4-D window? Moreover both electric effects and gravity effects invoke on the magnetic field. Time is very important for the function too.

Fractality and networking.
Presman also points to different functions (inhibitory for CNS) for different parts of our nervous system. CNS ought to be kept apart from peripheral nerves. In terms of subselves ('maps' = topological fractality?), seen in TGD, this maybe make sense? CNS is at a higher level than perifer nerves and autonomic nerves. It is also a phylogenetically later construction. Also different parts of CNS have different levels, with the frontal cortex at yet highest level. Is it then left or right frontal cortex that is the highest phylogenetic level? Left hemisphere has a wider network with more couplings, and Mae Wan Ho pointed to the importance of oxygen for the networks and the phylogenetic evolution. Oxygen is mostly 'in jail' in a stable triplet-molecule, but get freedom by oxidation. More branches, more differentiation, more information, is the result of the 'jail'. In lipids the C=O bonds are very important. The other signatures for life C, N, P are important for the branching, and also H, S, Fe, Ca, K, Na through their cyclotrone frequencies and resonances.

Maybe if we make these distictions the results begin to make sense?

We know very little about magnetoreception mechanisms. Magnetic fields of the properties of the geomagnetic field penetrate living matter and a receptor can thus be located anywhere in the body. Indeed, there seems to be no conclusive large organ specialized in magnetoreception, the only candidate is the pineal gland. This fact makes it very difficult to find possible magnetoreceptors and might be one reason for the very limited knowledge in this field.

Behavioural experiments have helped to characterize the magnetoreception systems in some animal groups and physiological studies have revealed some indications how animals could perceive the geomagnetic field, but with the exception of the magnetotactic bacteria, we still do not know the details of how magnetoreception works in most animals. The variety of presented magnetoreception models illustrates in how many different ways animals could perceive a magnetic field. In practice, the different models are difficult to separate, especially with behavioural studies and might not be exclusive as well. There are always a 'black box'?

At least three different principles of how animals detect magnetic fields of the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field can be distinguished. Proposed mechanisms are based on
1. permanent magnetic material like magnetite,
2. magnetically sensitive chemical reactions
3. detection of electromotive forces generated through magnetic induction.

Magnetoreception models was divided this way by Muheim in 'Animal Magnetoreception' 2001:
Biogenic magnetite
- Models based on SD magnetite
- Models based on superparamagnetic magnetite
Biochemical magnetoreception models
- Radical-pair Reactions
- Resonance Models
Induction

Quantum tools for biocontrol and -coordination.
According to Pitkänen we should distinguish also between entropic and negentropic levels. He writes in 'Quantum Model for sensory representation' p 18:
"Coordination and control are the two fundamental aspects in the functioning of the living matter. TGD suggests that at quantum level deterministic unitary time evolution of Dirac equation corresponds to coordination whereas time evolution by quantum jumps corresponds to quantum control. More precisely, the non-dissipative Josephson currents associated with weakly coupled super conductors would be the key element in coordination whereas resonant dissipative currents between weakly coupled super conductors would make possible quantum control."

Coordination, communication: superconductors,(Josephson oscillations, non-dissipative, negentropic functions)
- biological clocks, oscillators coupled to the biological activity of the organ. As clocks coordinating the brain activity, respiration and heart beat
- synchronization, the muscle contractions in various parts of heart occur in synchronized manner with well defined phase differences. Various functional disorders, as heart fibrillation, result from the loss of
- spatial coherence. And temporal coherence, I must add. Defibrillation of the heart is very much about the temporal aspects.

Control:, resonance (entropic, temporal peaks, inductors, invokes on programs for developement, enzymes.)
- biological alarm clocks are needed to tell when
- replication, the mitotic cycle rate, the proliferation degree, this is the accumulation stage, the memory stage, say when the time is ripe for the cell to replicate, hexameric rings and other rings may be of special interest
- morphogenesis, some signal (mass/energy?) must tell that it is time to begin
- differentiation to substructures during morphogenesis: for example, in case of the verterbrates the generation of somites is a very regular process starting at certain phase of development and proceeding with a clockwise precision. And I add to Pitkänens list:
The embryogenesis is one particularly sensitive developement stage. Organogenesis is more local.
Organizing centers. A signal for shape.
Phyllotaxis, is maybe one type, that is depending on dissipation (velocity differences).
-biological alarm signals, as seen in negative feedback responses (stress reactions). For this latter type the entropic message is more clear. Also plasticity, adaption to stress and changes.
- biological feed forward loops (stimulations?), seen as a preparement for action, as the bloodflow in the brain starts before the actionpotential begins. This is seen as instance in the readiness potential by Libet. Here do not belong self-organizing signals, that also can be seen as feed-forward programs.
The signal reaching the promoter first reach he signal recognition particle (SRP),where RNA is a non-coding RNA that is part of the signal recognition particle. The signal recognition particle is a universally conserved ribonucleoprotein involved in the co-translational targeting of proteins to membranes. The human genome in particular is known to contain a large amount of SRP RNA related sequence. This signal is clearly entropic.
Apoptosis.

Andersen et. al 2006. The human SRP RNA. See the many loops and hairpin structures, ideal for recieving a magnetic signal? It recognizes and targets specific proteins, pauses translation temporally. The signal sequence is eight or more nonpolar amino acid residues at its center, or six polypeptides with GTPase activity. The functional retinoic acid response element hexamer sites overlap the promoter. Retinoic acid is photon sensitive ('an eye?'). Methylation closes the eye?

I want to compare to the chinese Yin/Yang metaphor. These entropic or negentropic states are never pure, but always blended. They are also very much depending on the degrees of freedom. The holographic principle is often brought forth as some kind of solution.

Popp in his 'Biophysical aspects of the psychic situation', has an interesting wiev on this energy question for living systems.
Living systems are open systems with no energy balance, so the entropy is always maximal. Metabolic activity is dependant on temperature, but still more on the 'biophotons' for their triggering of the necessary transition states that get activation states in ELF-range. Also optical. Regulatory activity is neither chaotic, but very highly ordered with impacts on the right functions, the right time and position. But the photonic import is not high at all; one photon can handle many reactions, because is is backcreated and not longterm changed through the temperauture. One photon can trigger almost 10^9 reactions per second, provided it is synchronized (max reactions 10^5 per sec). This is also information necessary to distribute the energy in proper way; biophotons dirigate the biological functions.

One expects that the order in living matter is higher the lower the entropy,but this is then too a low energy level. How could this happen, when maximation of energy is essential for governing the dynamics? As soon as a closed system is not governed by energy conservation the entropy (or probability) grows, and it is maximized if all the available quantum states are occupied with just the same probability, instead of Bolzmann distribution. So, with increasing activation energy it is not the photons that vary, but all different energy levels contain the same numbers of photons. The energy is always enough for creation, and so there is then too a permanent photonic outflow from living matter; the matter is 'flooded' by photons and the entropy is maximized. The maximum entropy law is not violated in living matter.

The biophoton field is not heat radiation. Rather, this field stabilizes far from thermal equilibrium It corresponds to a system where phase space cells are occupied with the same probability, taking the absolute highest possible value of entropy. This distribution is far from the Boltzmann distribution of a closed system. Popp. Introduction and Physical Background.

Cooperative interactions between quantum states reduces dramatically the degrees of freedom through formation of Bose Einstein condensates and other coordinative, non-dissipative, negentropic actions. The extreme limit has only one degree of freedom, one choise, with entropy 0. So it is the degrees of freedoms that vary, the choises, not the energy. Or said in another way, the negentropic entanglements is what governs living systems. Popp say this is an ideally open system, with highest possible sensitivity, because smallest amounts of energy uptake/removal will induce dramatic changes in entropy as degrees of freedom.


Compared to the entropy S of a closed system (dotted line), the entropy S of a living system (continous line) at constant energy E is rather variable. The entropy of animated matter is always an absolute maximum, where only the number F of degrees of freedom changes between complete separation (where the entropy is even higher than for the case of thermal equilibrium) and complete coupling (where the entropy can take even the value 0). Popp, Introduction and Physical Background. This curve can quite easily be written as a sine curve, exactly as the Yin/Yang variables can be. This is one explanation of the Chi-energy? The wheel of choises.

In a music metaphor: The coordination is the string, the control is the energy moving the string?

Dissipation - non-dissipation, the chaos:order problem.
This problem is essential for the receptors and the biology. How can they distinguish the signal from the noise? How can they detect a weak change in the magnetic signal? The activation energy becomes important, and coenzymes that give a change in free energy demand (a negentropic entanglement, superposition?). Methylation would be the opposite? In this function is also some kind of memory, through the epigenetic mechanism.

Entropy is about change in energy levels, and dissipation 'eats' enegry, while negentropy and non-dissipation 'gives' or do not need energy. So one signal is a maximation of entropy, another maximation of negentropy?

Pitkänen say: "understanding the role of various frequencies in the higher level sensory representations at magnetic bodies by bringing in zero energy ontology and causal diamonds, hierarchy of Planck constants, and negentropic entanglement". And "In zero energy ontology zero energy state is quantum superposition over states with different energies of the positive energy state and of coherent state of Cooper pairs, thermal equilibra are squared roots of energy states. the energy feed to the system means that the quantum superposition changes in such a manner that the average energy of the positive energy state increases. This excites new degrees of freedom and makes the system more complex. The dissipation caused by quantum jumps reducing entanglement entropy tends to reduce the average energy and this tendency is compensated by the energy feed selecting also the most stable self-organization pattern as a flow equilibrium."

Zero energy ontology could be understood as this oscillation between entropy and negentropy states, the change in the degrees of freedom? See the updated version of Quantum Model of Sensory Representations.

The sensory representation would be a higher level signal, an entangled, negentropic signal? How would it look like? What would bring in the negentropy?

Mae Wan Ho writes in her Biological theory of everything: "branching structures are optimised for their task, maximising the area across which they can take up and release resources and minimising the energy needed to transport those resources through the organism. Mathematically, such networks have fractal, self-similar geometry, i.e., they have fractional dimensions between the usual 1, 2, or 3; and the same or similar structure over many scales, from less than a micron to tens of metres.

Filling a three-dimensional volume with a network that maximises surface area available for capturing and releasing resources creates a four-dimensional geometric entity, and that is essentially why biological variables scale as quarter powers of the body weight.

It is interesting that self-similar fractal networks give minimum energy dissipation." She proposed that organic space-time is fractal because it optimises energy transfer, based on thermodynamic arguments "Why are organisms so complex?"

... found that metabolic rates, expressed per unit body weight, and plotted against temperature, resulted in very similar straight lines across the whole range of species. Data from 250 species, including copepods, sycamores, bananas, peas and fish were plotted, and each species closely resembled all the others, revealing a universal metabolic rate.

Actually, they did not all have exactly the same resting metabolic rate, but the maximum difference separating any of the groups, is only about 20-fold. This is smaller than the variation in metabolic rate that can occur between exercise and rest in a single organism.

Life of islands? That have to be fractal and p-adic by force? Great.


References.
Jose' M. R. DELGADO, JOCELYNE LEAL, Jose' LUIS MONTEAGUDO AND MANUEL GARCi'A GRACIA, 1982: Embryological changes induced by weak, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. J. Anat. (1982), 134, 3, pp. 533-551. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1167891/pdf/janat00219-0119.pdf

Mae Wan Ho, 2004: Biology’s Theory of Everything? ISIS Report 01/02/04. http://www.i-sis.org.uk/biologysTheoryOfEverything.php

Mae Wan Ho, 2009: Living with oxygen. ISIS. Report 08/06/09 http://www.i-sis.org.uk/livingWithOxygen.php

Rachel Muheim 2001: Animal Magnetoreception - Models, Physiology and Behaviour. Lund. http://www.angel.ekol.lu.se/~rachel/publications/Introductory%20Paper%20def.pdf

M. Pitkänen 2010: Quantum model for sensory representations, in: TGD INSPIRED THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS, PART I: BASIC IDEAS OF TGD INSPIRED THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS.
http://tgd.wippiespace.com/public_html/tgdconsc/tgdconsc.html#expc

Fritz-Albert Popp, Biophysical Aspects of the Psychic Situation. International Institute of Biophysics (Biophotonics). http://www.lifescientists.de/ib0203e_1.htm (out of function)

Quantum observer theory. Brain modelling V.

There is going on a paradigm shift in biosciences that is as revolutionary as when Earth once was put aside from the center of Universe. This time it is our Selves that must be divided from our bodies. Our self is no longer in our brain, but outside it, orchestrating the body. This is done through a window of awareness, creating the illusion that it is our body doing all these things. But the curtain is not tight. We can see through it, if we only realize it is that we do. Some of those phenomen are as simple as dreaming, other are paranormal as psychokinesy and poltergaist phenomen. Time concept changes and many-world concepts arrive. One of the earliest to understand this was Evan Harris Walker.

Walkers consciousness theory.
In his book, The Physics of Consciousness, Walker quoted Einstein as follows: Warning: In Quantum Mechanics, the results of any action are determined by the observer rather than any Newtonian law of physics and, if this phenomenon is true in three dimensions, it must also be true in the fourth! how we would know if someone ever actually changed history retroactively as that new history would be all we remember. He said there would be some subtle indicator or something that looked like a coincidence.

He originated the ‘Quantum Observer Theory’ relating to state vector collapse that is of significance to parapsychology. Both of these theories have been supported by extensive and predicted experimental results. He has also contributed to the fields of neurophysiology, specifically to the mechanism of synaptic functioning, and in psychology to understanding optical illusion phenomena.

What is consciousness and psi phenomena?
“Who are we; what are we; why are we here?” When we ask, “What is the nature of consciousness"; can neither science nor religion explain who am I? In Walker’s opinion, his answer to this question incidentally also answers the question: what are psi phenomena; what are their cause? Psi phenomena have been incorporated into a theory known as the Quantum Observer Theory of Psi Phenomena.

Walker insist on the importance of looking beyond materialism. Through the development of physics, from Newton's laws to Bell's inequalities and EPR paradox he argues for the importance of consciousness for the understanding of quantum theory, and especially for the measurement problem. New solutions to problems within physics might help resolve philosophical problems with materialism; perhaps, for example, by radically altering the physical terms, and especially the time concept is a reason to stagging developement. The many-worlds idea needs also attention. He underline the primacy of the subjective over the objective, a new, radical idea. This has relevance for the time concept, as well as for the consciousness and self. Ego and matter are important as entangling tools?

There is nothing new in the suggestion that there are difficulties with quantum mechanics and that those difficulties may have something to do with the idea of an "observer". But there we stagger, it is not so easy to go further. We have to look at things with new eyes. Let's give it a try.

"Only in the most exceptional circumstances do we ever find quantum mechanical effects entering the macroscopic world", is his statement, and in fact, if the fundamental laws of physics are quantum mechanical, then every physical effect is quantum mechanical to some degree. Quantum mechanics infects every physical structure at every level.

Walker attempts to tie together quantum theory and neuroscience by arguing that quantum tunnelling has a vital role in synaptic transmission. The synaptic vesicle release is an ordinary biochemical process triggered by an electrochemically-driven influx of calcium into the pre-synaptic neuron , calciumwaves (Suedhof & Scheller, 2001), and its effectivity is bound to magnetic fields through the cyclotrone frequencies (Liboff). In photosynthesis we have also seen that quantum tunnelling is at work. In ATPase there are proton transfer, and the chirality is one regulator (electrostasis). Enzymes are particularly important for this regulation, often coupled to vitamins and coenzymes.

The unpredictability comes from the entire history of uncertain scatterings and interactions at the molecular level and below. In conventional quantum-mechanical terms, if it never "collapsed" at any other moment, the quantum state of the brain would have to "collapse" at a great number of synaptic firings (synchronously?) in order to make each of those firings definitely happen at moments definite in biological terms. In this task is the inhibition very important, creating some kind of resistance in the tissues. Non-linear, non-dissipative states arise; the hallmark of life?

He wanted to "integrate synaptic firings into a single quantum mechanical conscious existence". To do this, he built on the idea of quantum tunnelling at synapses. "This requires the electrons which are involved in synaptic tunnelling, going on to jump from synapse to synapse using soluble RNA molecules as stepping stones". The classical picture of an electron as a hopping object and a quantum picture of its wavefunction are both invoked in the picture. The electron wavefunction in the brain is an irreducibly many-body object that reduce the degrees of freedom very strongly. Neural electrons are indistinguishable not just in the sense that they are all identical, but also in the sense that, on biological timescales, they are inseparably entangled. Walker refers to "interlaced collections of quantum potentialities weaving together the possibilities". He has also a non-linear modification to the Schroedinger equation. The cat cannot be both dead and alive in biology.

The theory of consciousness proposed by Eccles (1986) also suggests an influence of mind on quantum uncertainties at synapses.

Free will.
Walker claims that quantum possibilities allow us a non-illusory free will, stating that "for will to have any meaning, it must be possible for the mind to affect events - for the mind to control the body".
Mind decides among the elements of a quantum superposition, say in a receptor. Where do the mind keeps the computational power required for this decision making? If in the brain, the brain should be capable of detecting and analysing the structure of an uncollapsed superposition so as to match the willed choice to the collapsed outcome. Maybe that is the readiness potential? The choice seems to be made before that interaction comes into play. If the decision making is extra-bodily, then we have a new homunculus problem? We have transported the observer outside our body? If it is "observers" who bring about "collapses", then our conventional picture of the universe may be radically incorrect.

Evolutionary forces wrong too?
The universe could have continued as a vastly complicated superposition (implicit order by Bohm) until such time as entirely physical processes allowed observers to evolve within some part of that superposition. Not until that time would it seem to be necessary for any "collapse" to occur (explicit order). The materialization and evolution can go very fast then. Evolution jumps. What drives the jumps? When we look at that question we see that the physics need to be renewed too. It is the Physics in the boundary of life that is so otherwise, the physics at low temp., near 0 Hz magnetic frequencies, the Planck constant and cosmological constant problem etc. A new world will rise from the ruins of our old reductionistic science. A quantum world?


There is a hierachical order of terms which may describe the organization of living systems. On the base, is matter itself, then energy, then the distribution of energy over the matter (entropy). This induces and describes what we call "potential" information, after which we arrive at its highest organizational form, what we call "consciousness" Popp, F.A. Memory and morphogenic fields are somewhere in between.

A central task of an interpretation of quantum mechanics is to explain how and at what level quantum unpredictability is resolved. Here TGD has done a great job.

Macroscopic systems, and microscopic.
When we look at macroscopic systems we use a measure apparatus, also macroscopic, that only sample in quite big bits, and we have no tool to look at those measurement results further. We only have to accept them. The wavefunction is not usually seen. Only in certain conditions we can see it, as in low temp. physics. Supratransition also happen at higher temp. Von Neumann has talked about this problem. EPR paradox and Bells inequalities are also effects of this kind. In nature we usually see a Gaussian distribution that reflects the quantum basic physic? A big part of the problem is our measurement technique, and its low resolution properties. It has no transparency. It is not necessarily the nature that don't respond, it is we that don't percieve it.

Quantum consciousness in metaphysics and altered state consciousness.
In metaphysics are the chakras as instance. They are not material, and they can be experienced. Different chakras has a different frequency, and that would mean a different 'memory' or 'message', also experienced as emotion. Emotions are cognitions. I have experienced those chakras, and when I come to number 6 and 7 (especially) I clearly can feel how my face fleet in waves. It is a very sweet feeling. Some day ago I realised that Shivas dance was just this experience of a fleeting, wavelike existence. Let a magnetic wave go through your body (transverse) and you can imagine the effects.

Also out of body experience is about this. The peculiar thing is that you can actually see. Without brain? You can see yourself sitting there on the chair and the one sitting there know of nothing. While you are up there levitating, and know everything, and it is too a floating existence I have experienced myself.

When something bad happens you can feel this too. Suddenly your feet doesn't obey you. You simply sack and fall. You don't swim, don't get an epileptic attack, but something like that.

Time is also like this. It comes and goes. In trauma situations a second is so long, or the opposite. Flow is when time feels as nothing at all. Your inner, personal, subjective clock doesn't always follow the official, objective time. Time may also go in 'slow motion'. Yet we can have a very fast transmission of cognitions in these moments. Subjective time may also go to 'the dark quantum side'? Time is a trickster. Everyone has experienced this. Or take an animal that with an accuracy of minutes can know when it is time for dinner, or when you come home. How is that done?

What part has the consciousness in this? Is it quantum mechanical and non-local entanglement? Correlations are results of that kind of entangled systems, as Walker said. The correlations can be spatial or temporal. Or non-tidal, eternal. This is very much like the psi phenomenon. In fact psi would be predicted by quantum mechanics,if we would not have knownof them before. Psi phenomen is obligatory, in fact.

Michael Persinger, Todd Murphy, etc. has done research on this.

We experience consciousness and self diffusely, and empathy and compassion often goes outside our bodies, when we feel how it would be to be 'in their shoes' (mirrorneurons). In out of body experiences we levitate up in space, and the picture of God is often as Gods eye above us. God can be thought of as looking into the world from all angles around the room, and be different from the system within which we are acting.

The use of vision as a metaphor (I like that particularly well) for knowing and consciousness creates a distance or split between what is called the subjective I (a disembodied consciousness) and one or more selves. We can also locate self-consciousness in a place one imaginatively steps back to, or up to. The feelings and emotions going on in one's bodily self can be displyed or hided, taken a distance to (disentangle from), or it can extend compassion to parts of the self. As instance in an accident sometimes happen that people gets incredible strength,or pain can be left in emergency situations, giving mor energy for other things. Compassion can be given to the abused child that I was once. Forgiveness can be given to already dead parents etc.

In this disentangled state (from our subselves) we can 'look around' and notice other systems, imagine other ways of doing things and ask, "What if...?" This wider consciousness opens up the possibility of making other choices or actings according to different principles, that is, the possibility of having free will.

Chaos can also achieve a disentanglement through forceful fields that break the entanglements. This is done through strong emotions, pain, psychoses etc. The emotions widen the behavioral field (inhibition loss), often with bad consequences. In the oppurtinities to make different choices Walker saw the brain as a chaos-operator. Some few random-processes in the braincircuits can give a cascade of different new effects and in that way amplify and give forceful effects on the consciousness. In states of strong entanglement no such effects are seen, but brain inhibits changes and acts as a stabilizer. Personality and ego is also stabilizing.

In schizophrenia is seen that a weak ego sometimes is strongly correlated to psychoses. The ego is the degree of entanglement between the subselves. In cases of a bipersonal disorder there has chrystalized two different persons, often radially different, as in 'Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde'.

The analogy to 'the third eye' is very close. It is a diffuse eye; ordinary eye is a very strict sense. Also chakras are outside the body, where a wider consciousness is described.

40 Hz consciousness depends on inhibition, but if that is disturbed then we experience altered consciousness? Also the other way, we don't use brain much at all. So brain consciousness is experienced as awareness in a window 7 - 40 Hz, outside that is altered state consciousness. What about the hippocampal 600 Hz pulse then? Has it something to do with the structure of hippocampus? And the function? Hippocampus make superpositions. It is a formidabel black hole machine. The weaver?

Is that to experience the dimensions?



References.
Matthew J. Donald, 2001: A Review of The Physics of Consciousness by Evan Harris Walker. PSYCHE, 7(15), October 2001. http://www.theassc.org/files/assc/2493.pdf

Eccles, J.C. 1986: Do mental events cause neural events analogously to the probability fields of quantum mechanics? Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 227, 411-428.

O.I. Fisun , a & A.V. Savina, 1992: Homochirality and long-range transfer in biological systems. Biosystems Volume 27, Issue 3, 1992, Pages 129-135 doi:10.1016/0303-2647(92)90068-A

F. A. Popp, 2001: Biophysical Aspects of the Psychic Situation, http://www.lifescientists.de/ib0203e_1.htm (this site is out of function.)

Suedhof, T.C. & Scheller, R.H. 2001: Mechanism and regulation of neurotransmitter release. Chapter 4 of Cowan, Suedhof, and Stevens (2001).

Evan Harris Walker 2000: The Physics of Consciousness. The Quantum Mind and the Meaning of Life. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books.

http://www.bss.phy.cam.ac.uk/~mjd1014/
http://www-physics.lbl.gov/~stapp/stappfiles.html
http://www-physics.lbl.gov/~stapp/QMA.doc

Magnetobiology. Brain modelling IV.

There is still no magnetobiological theory, says Binhi 2002. This is due to the paradoxal nature of the biological action of weak low-frequency electromagnetic fields, whose energy is incomparable by far with the charachteristic energy of biochemical transformations. This all makes the very existence of the domain quite dubious with most of the scientific community, despite a wealth of experimental evidence.

Some EM-fields may be a hazard to human health, other invoke on the climate, as significant as temp, humidity.

Biological magnetoreceptors are not recognized yet, but it is important to percieve the way in which the signal of a magnetic field is transformed into a response of a biological system. Libhoff, 1997: Magnetic reversals may have also helped determine the nature of the interaction mechanism between GMF and living systems. Mechanisms based on fixed magnetic moments may not be capable of adapting to the reversal process. A better case can be made for an ion cyclotron resonance interaction. Direct involvement in the cell-signaling activities of biological ions would provide such flexibility, and also point to a broader role for the GMF in modulating CNS function. This has also implications for the memory. Gravity as gravitomagnetism maybe too is a factor.

The body is no barrier for the magnetic field, and all particles in the tissues will be affected. But not all particles are involved in transferring the signal. Primary processes of the interaction - magnetic field:matter - is pure physical in electrons, atoms, molecules. Charged particles seem to be intermediary between field and next biochemical level. Proteins, especially enzymes are regulated in that way, at a subtle level. Interim ions may shift the metabolism. The effect of the field is seen in the densities of metabolic products. Means the interaction hits somewhere in between - on the phase transitions?

Life-support parameters and behavior of individuals and populations, that is collective transformations, a correlating signal (the fish-stim effect; collective consciousness at population level?). Intermediary levels of the organization of a living system, such as biophysical, biochemical and physiological levels are often not considered in experiments, although they affect the experimental results. Magnetism is therefore an uncontrolled cause-and-effect black box. The results we get are not complete.

The quantum ion state can also interfer on protein cavities. Magnetic and electric fields (DC, AC) can be combined in so many different ways. Magnetic momentum, nuclear spin and non-linear response of a protein to the redistribution of ion probability density are other problems. Dissociation probability in ion-protein complex, ion cyclotron frequencies, dimensionless frequencies, amplitude of the variable components of a magnetic field and pulsed and 'vacuum' magnetic fields, so the problem is very complex. Molecules rotating inside protein complexes give molecular gyroscopes and non-thermal resonance effects. Amplitude interference spectra are very important. I just point to these factors, I'm far from qualified to get a grasp on them.

Biomagnetism is the magnetic fields produced by various biological systems, and nanoparticles within.
Magnetobiology is about biological mechanisms, effectiveness and reactions of the action of a weak magnetic field < 1 mT. It is believed that the action of such lies below the trigger threshold for protective biological mechanisms, and are therefore prone to accumulate at biological subcellular and genetical level (Binhi p. 3.).

Libhoff writes 2007: "Based on decades of experimental evidence an excellent argument can be made for the existence of a fundamental functional relationship between living systems and electromagnetic fields. We have previously hypothesized that this relationship can be expressed in terms of a field vector whose source is the distribution of electric polarization within the system and which has both a phylogenetic and ontogenetic time dependence. Ion cyclotron resonance (ICR)-like magnetic signals have resulted in physiologic changes in many in vitro and in vivo model systems and have been applied medically with success to bone repair and spinal fusion. This type of local ICR-like therapy has recently been broadened into a holistic application following the remarkable discovery that the whole-body bioimpedance is sharply dependent on ICR signals. We relate this observation to the integrated electric polarization vector, in turn a measure of the double layer charge distribution at the cell membrane. This discovery, already being applied to a number of clinical problems, lends strong support to the concept of an overarching electromagnetic framework for living systems."


Artificial magnetic fields.
Municipal magnetic noise with its discrete components 60 (50) Hz and harmonics, is one or two orders of magnitude higher than natural background. It was called EM-pollution first time by Becker. Small hyperweak signals are inconsistent with current-wiev - a 'that's impossible type'. Some of these effects are only found at ultra-low AC magnetic intensities, on the order of .05 μT. Low frequency range for households and normal industry are 10 - 100 Hz, the same as in medicine. Still this range is thought to be safe. These fields show often a delayed, accumulating effect months and even years later. The problem is that these fields are also the 'service' fields hard to do without; power transmission lines, cars, TVset, industries, computers, mobile phones, especially 3G-phones. Sensitive people may react at these levels.

Half a meter (the force field diminish rapidly with distance) from apparatuses can the following fields be measured, in μT:
Washing machine, 5
Refrigerator, 0,1
Conditioner 1
Electric meat grinder 2
Vacuum cleaner 2
Majority of office and public vehicles, 0,1 - 1, peak values may be three orders of magnitude higher. Topp values may be 2000 Hz. (p. 6.)

Standing waves from artificial ambient fields due to badly earthed electrical loops, inductions etc. is also a problem. They can be very powerful, as seen from Muncaster Castle in England.

Hallucinations from these fields are reported by Persinger etc.. Hallucinations have come from what could be broadly described as weak, complex, time-varying magnetic fields, called EIFs, very difficult to measure, because the equipment is not good for it. They are low frequency (approx 0.1 to 30 Hz, and certainly under 50Hz) and a moderate intensity (from 100 to 5000 nT) or amplitude (or, more correctly, flux density). Pulse frequence may be in msec or sec, up to minute. In the laboratory, complexity has been implemented in a number of ways, including (1) increased varying amplitudes and amplitude modulation, (2) varying frequencies and frequency modulation, (3) using patterned amplitude-modulated fields, (4) using complex patterns of pulsed fields, and (5) using rotating fields.

Maurice Townsend has written about 'Artificially Occurring EIFs' and reports that in Moscow "the magnetic fields at frequencies around 1 Hz were around 10 times higher in the suburbs, and 100 times higher in the city centre, compared to the countryside. In the city centre fields up to 250 - 300 nT at a frequency of 0.5 Hz were measured. These are strong enough to constitute EIFs. The fields were attributed, unsurprisingly, to electrical equipment in the city." But one must remember that the biological sensitivity is bigger in lower background fields, too.

In the construction of buildings this is known, but surprices may still arise. The environment change all the time, and magnetic waves are holistic and complex.

Townsend continues: "the 0.1 to 30 Hz frequency range of varying fields is generally quiet. This is because most electrical and electronic devices operate using a mixture of DC (for motors, electronic power supplies, etc.), mains frequency (AC 50/60 Hz) and higher. The DC (static) element is rarely pure, being derived from mains supply with rectifiers (often accompanied by transformers). The resultant DC current has a slight voltage ripple on it. However, due to the way rectifiers are designed, this ripple will typically be at mains frequency or above and so not contribute to EIFs. Similarly, the mains supply itself can be distorted by the electrical loads placed on it by various bits of electrical equipment. This gives rise to harmonics but these, too, have a higher frequency and lower amplitude than the mains fundamental frequency. So most domestic electrical appliances, as well as the mains supply itself, will not contribute to EIFs." The static fields are more important; they give a more stable signal? DC-current is 'the current of injury'; a signal for regeneration and consciousness (Becker).

Probably the most important source of low frequency magnetic fields is the simple movement, or mechanical vibration, of magnetic materials, especially metals. All objects with high magnetic permeability distort the earth’s magnetic field around them, although they may not be magnetised. When objects containing especially iron are vibrated, they drag the magnetic field distortion around with them. Vibration at a rate of between once every ten seconds (0.1 Hz) and thirty times a second (30 Hz) will cause an EIF. It doesn’t need to be a constant frequency motion since, as we have seen, varying fields actually work better! Most motors in domestic use are likely to produce rotating fields at EIF frequencies. They commonly occur in such things as pumps (central heating, fridges, air-conditioning), fans (computers, air-conditioning, some ovens), washing machines, vacuum cleaners, even hi-fi equipment and hair dryers. Such appliances can produce quite powerful rotating magnetic fields.

This is valid also to the brain containing iron. Also big joints halt the signal and make barriers for the energy transfer (Presman).

Zones, time, distortions, changes.
There is bound to be some critical distance, or zone, away from the source where the field amplitude will be correct. All you have to do is stay in that critical area for long enough and, if you are susceptible and the field varies enough over time, you may well get hallucinations. EIFs would probably extend no further than a metre or two from a source if the background is normal.

If there was a higher than usual ambient magnetic field, the range would decrease. Conversely, in an area of lower than usual ambient field, the range would increase (compare to Moscow). One might reasonably ask, how can you live in an area of lower than normal geomagnetic field? Metals can distort the local magnetic field, as we have seen, and create areas where the local magnetic field is actually lower than average. These are also important hallucinatory areas, and need not to be moving. Shape of the source, and different angles are important.

The way in which the localized fields are varying and changing (i.e., their complexity) are crucial rather than overall ambient frequencies, acc. to Townsend. Studies have also argued that large transient magnetic pulses and tectonic events could be associated with instantaneous experiences and events in brain. Some studies failed to find any noticeable magnetic signature of spontaneous cases. EIFs could be transient, volatile instances that may accompany an experience or event more or less instantaneously (such as a pulse or train of pulses). Measuring the area at any given time may actually miss the important characteristics. Magnetic shifts may come and go or exist as a kind of constantly available distorted undercurrent that is more or less present all of the time (in a modulated wave).

Human movements across fields.
Another interesting source of EIFs is human movement! Although you may not have any moving fields within your home, you might move through reasonably strong, complex static fields sufficiently often to produce an EIF in your brain. If you think about it, walking between two areas of high magnetic field, with a low area in between, is no different from having a varying field pass through your head as you sit still. Laboratory studies suggest that (artificial) magnetic fields can induce potent hallucinatory perceptions in certain observers.

Infrasound and magnetic fields.
Infrasound is just like audible sound (a compression wave going through the atmosphere). Acoustic gravity waves are named so because they oscillate between gravity and the elasticity (compressibility)of the Earth. Temperature zones (density zones) are important. Ocean waves, avalanches, earthquakes and certain wind conditions (eg. storms, hurricanes and wind shear around mountain ranges) etc. can produce infrasound. Anything with an engine in it can induce infrasound too, particularly any form of transport and movement.

Typically, background infrasound may enter a resonant 'cavity' and be amplified. A resonant cavity, in this case, is a closed volume of space whose dimensions cause the waves to bounce backwards and forwards (or resonate). Tao hum? A room in a building may be of a suitable specific dimensions (which depends on the wavelength of the infrasound) to cause such resonance.

Pigeons can hear infrasound down to 0,05 Hz, and an acoustic avian map for accurate navigation is proposed consisting of infrasonic cues radiated from steep-sided topographic features. The source of these infrasonic signals is microseisms continuously generated by interfering oceanic and atmospheric waves. Having an acoustic map might also allow clock-shifted birds to test their homeward progress and select between their magnetic and solar compasses.

One confounding problem with infrasound is that it operates at the same frequencies as EIFs and also can induce hallucinations. In fact, infrasound and magnetism may have the same source. Schmitter, 2010, writes: "Our model calculations show the existence of pressure resonances characterized as acoustic duct modes with well defined frequencies. These resonances not only generate infrasound but also modulate the charge density and the velocity field and in this way lead to electric and magnetic field oscillations in the 0.5–20-Hz range that can be monitored from a distance of several kilometers." As seen earlier the infrasound could be linked to plasmoids too. Gravity effects must also be considered.

Spots and persons. Location influence the perception.
There are differences between places, often rooms, spots in rooms and also between different persons, their gender and age and constitution. Not everyone experience hallucinations. Factors may also interfere with the interaction environment:individ.

Many studies have carried out detailed surveys of such locations and revealed potential contributing influences from (1) contextual and situational specific factors, (2) diverse lighting levels, (3) drafts, (4) infrasound levels, (5) the localized distribution and changes in geomagnetic fields (GMFs), (6) time-varying electromagnetic fields (EMFs), and (7) transient tectonic events, (8) accumulation with time, to name but a few.

Hallucinations and misperceptions, see Townsends excellent article. A degree of increased neuronal hypersensitivity and susceptibility to these fields have been shown (as instance as induced epileptiform activity) ranging from nebulous and ambiguous sensations to extreme and complex hallucinations, also spontaneously occurring magnetically induced hallucinations. Here discrete shifts and changes in the localized magnetic field would correlate with sympathetic changes (galvanic skin response, ANS-response) and shifts in the neurophysiology, perception, and behavior and one need not necessarily assume any degree of paranormality involved in the experience or event, although it is often interpreted as a paranormal or sacred experience.

The discussion outlined above is analogous to that of searching for seizure-type patterns that may indicate neural storms in an EEG (electroencephalograph) scalp recording of a suspected epileptic patient. In some patients, seizures can only be distinguished around the time of the ictal event. In others, there can be a more constantly available abnormality in the EEG, which can be picked up during inter-ictal periods. In both cases the researcher is interested in the underlying mechanisms mediating how and where the anomalies occur, how they are sustained, how they propagate, and how they disappear--if indeed they do. The EEG has been an invaluable tool to the researcher interested in detailing cortical electrical anomalies and how these relate to neuro-cognitive processes. In essence the task is no different from that of detailing magnetic anomalies, which may exist as invisible thunderstorms (neural storms) in certain locations that may occasionally strike at vulnerable brains.

Hallucinations from Muncaster Castle, England
Braithwaite et al. reported hallucinations and related physiological components included (1) sudden headaches/migraines, (2) eyes watering, (3) runny nose, (4) ringing in the ears, and (5) bouts of dizziness. These reported sensations can occur alone or can be accompanied by other haunt-type components in some instances. Some observers have reported the strong feeling of a "sensed presence," being watched, hearing footsteps, distinct sounds of children crying/screaming and a periodic feeling of foreboding. Also that the old heavy door opened abruptly and apparently of its own accord. As these experiences often happen while in the center room, one typically attribute the sensations to the room, often with a paranormal interpretation concerning it.

For this room a large and significant difference in magnetic field amplitude was measured between the sensors. This difference was in the region of 47,000 nT; the fields measured by the baseline sensor were far higher (in the region of 77,000 nT) than what would be predicted for the castle area (49,000 nT: British Geological Survey data), and the fields measured in the pillow region of the bed were lower (around 30,000 nT). To account for the increased fields measured in the baseline area, Braithwaite suggested contributions from both man-made and local geological sources combined.

The reduction in amplitude in the pillow area was attributed primarily to a possible localized anomaly created by the heavy metal/iron lattice bed supports underneath the mattress. This lattice did not extend to the pillow area, but covered an area approximately from the ankles to the upper shoulders/chest area. The presence of such a magnetically permeable object may well have been distorting the background field away from the pillow area (which is supported by wood) and thus reducing the amplitudes in that area. There was a significant difference between the magnitudes of variance measured by the sensors. The variance in the crucial pillow area was far greater than that measured on the nearby baseline sensor placed in the same room a number of meters away. This difference occurred throughout the measuring period (4 hr) and appeared to be a constant component of the background variance.

The range of variability encountered was not far from that used in laboratory studies of brain stimulation. They are also similar to, and above, the levels of variability measured in other field studies that were directly linked with questionnaire responses of strange perceptions and feelings. Baseline measurements across both this and the original study have revealed a standard deviation of magnetic variability in the region of 15 nT to 20 nT, increasing to 30 nT to 50 nT in areas associated with anomalous reports. These values are comparable to other field studies. For instance, Wiseman et al. 2003 measured fields varying from around 11 nT, which were also linked to concurrent increases in anomalous interpretations given in questionnaire responses from individuals at that time. Sensitive people show increased signs of temporal-lobe instability or particular forms of attentional biases.

Internal background varied between 5 nT and 50 nT, with variations within this range. An average standard deviation would be around 2 to 8 nT. Transient pulses very similar to those reported here have also been documented in the region of around 50 nT to 100 nT.

Note also that in the laboratory it is typical for participants to undergo at least 20 to 30 brain exposure before any experiential effects take place and are reported. This highlights a possible indirect mechanism that requires a more prolonged period of exposure before such energetic components are fully recruited into the experiential gestalt. In the natural setting, as long as the varying fields are readily available, it is likely that at some point favorable positions, level of arousal, and an appropriate degree of susceptibility could co-occur, the consequence of which could be some form of anomalous experience or interpretation.

In certain circumstances, it may not be necessary for the magnetic anomaly to be present to set up and sustain its experiential influence. Instead, merely being present for a period sufficient to initiate a process--which can then be continued, amplified, and propagated within neural structures--may be enough.

Common bereavement apparitions are hallucinatory experiences evoked by transient electrical instability within the (glucocorticoid) sensitized mesiobasal temporal lobes. All first hand reports of ‘postmortem apparition’ experiences were collected by Persinger 1988, from a published data base. The days on which the experiences occurred displayed significantly greater (mean increase = 10 gamma) geomagnetic activity compared to the days before or afterwards. These results suggest that bereavement apparitions are situation-specific hallucinations evoked by microseizures within sensitized temporal lobe structures; the occurrence of these microseizures might be facilitated by suppression in melatonin levels that could accompany sudden increases in geomagnetic activity.

Perceptions are very much correlated by both brain activity and environmental activity.

Binhi & Rubin 2007, discusses the 'kT problem paradox' and magnetic nanoparticles found in many organisms, long-lived rotational states of some molecules within protein structures, spin magnetic moments in radical pairs, and magnetic moments of protons in liquid water. In a later article he puts this in relation to cancer and leukemia in children. This is very much debated after the power-line report hinting at the same thing. Stress is also seen diminishing the cancer frequency. Here is some relation?

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