tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-39046392957066424862024-03-12T16:34:17.423-07:00Zone-ReflexHelhetshälsa, biologi, livsfrågor.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger172125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-40122353033581377472017-02-10T07:02:00.000-08:002017-02-10T07:02:04.227-08:00I'm back.<br />After a long time filled with changes in my Life I am now ready to start write again.<br />
I have moved many times, bought an old farmers house where I now have some chickens, goats, Lambs. Do repairments when I find time. Do gardenings, forest work etc. I like it much.<br />
<br />
Now I again will start with my queries. Hope the readers will find me again. <br />
Ulla.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-84386629861350432982014-12-26T14:47:00.000-08:002014-12-26T14:47:17.783-08:00Is it possible to live without food or water for 70 years?In the<a href="http://worldtruth.tv/a-man-claims-to-have-not-eaten-or-drank-any-liquids-for-70-years/"> news</a> are told about an Indian yogi that hasn't eaten or drank anything for 70 yeras. Is that a lie, simply bogus, or is it even possible? He claims he has not consumed any food or liquids since he was 8-years old. He
also claims <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">he left home
when he was 7 to live as a wandering monk in the jungle, and </span></span>to have been blessed at the age of 8 by a goddess. This
allows him to survive without sustenance except for that which he
derives from the practice of meditation<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">. He claims that there is a hole in his palate through which his head
drops nectar, giving him nutrition and enabling him to live without food or
water...</span></span><br />
<br />
This 'nectar' or 'elixir' is maybe something, but unknown so far. Head as manufacturer of nutrition is unheard, but in fact he has been examined under control and tested and is in very good health (better health than someone half his age, they say). <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
From April 22nd until May 6th 2010 (then 83 years old) in the private hospital <i>Sterling Hospital,</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prahlad_Jani">Prahlad Jani</a> was observed and tested by <a href="http://www.sudhirneuro.org/">Sudhir Shah</a> and a team of 35
researchers all from the Indian Defense Institute of Physiology and
Allied Sciences (DIPAS) and other organizations. </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<img alt="Tests: 83-year-old Prahlad Jani has twice attended hospital to be watched by eminent doctors" class="blkBorder" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2010/05/07/article-1274779-095804B4000005DC-931_468x286.jpg" height="286" width="468" /></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<div class=" PIN_1373136149226_hazClick" style="text-align: left;">
<i>The
large team studied Jani daily using clinical examinations, blood tests,
and scans. 24 hour CCTV surveillance was used to ensure the maximum
observation of Jani’s actions during the testing period. According
to researchers, the only time Jani was taken out of his sealed room was
for tests and exposure to sun. During these times, continuous video
recording was done to ensure authenticity of results. Jani only had
contact with any form of liquid when he had an occasional bathing
session, which first took place on day 5, and when he would gargle some
water. It is important to note that his toilet was sealed to test his
claims that he did not urinate or defecate.</i></div>
<div class=" PIN_1373136149226_hazClick" style="text-align: left;">
<i>After
the fifteen days of intensive observation during which Jani did not
eat, drink or go to the toilet, all medical test results came back as
normal and doctors described his health as being better than someone
half his age. Interestingly, doctors reported that although the amount
of liquid in Jani’s bladder fluctuated and that Jani appeared “able to
generate urine in his bladder”, he did not pass any urine. The reported
levels of Jani’ leptin and ghrelin, two appetite-related hormones,
suggested that Jani may be demonstrating an extreme form of adaptation
to starvation and water restriction.</i> <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1274779/The-man-says-eaten-drunk-70-years-Why-eminent-doctors-taking-seriously.html">Picture from Daily Mail</a>. <i>Blood tests, hormone profiles, MRIs and angiographs (imaging tests of
the blood vessels) all pointed to the conclusion that Mr Jani had not
needed to eat, drink or use the toilet once. </i></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
Dr Ilavazhagn said: <i>‘Clinical, biochemical, radiological and other
relevant examinations were done on Prahlad Jani and all reports were
within the safe range throughout the study. He is healthy, his mind is
sharp</i>. </div>
</blockquote>
Practitioners of extreme starvation diets can cause serious damage to
their bodies, leading to death. And yet, despite all that is known,
there is a growing bandwagon that says Mr Jani and his incredible claims
should not be dismissed entirely out of hand. The doctors are considering only the two weeks during
which Mr Jani was under their supervision. His claims not to have eaten
for the preceding seven decades can and will never be verified. The same goes for much of his early history. Daily Mail:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>When he reached the age of 11, he underwent a religious experience
during which he became a follower of <a href="http://hinduism.about.com/od/hindugoddesses/a/durga.htm">the Hindu goddess Amba</a>. In her
honour, he chose to dress as a female devotee, wearing a red sari-like
garment, nose-ring, bangles and crimson flowers in his shoulder-length
hair. In return, Mr Jani believes that the goddess has
sustained him ever since by feeding him with a lifegiving, invisible
‘elixir’, which has supposedly given him the strength to continue
without food or water. For at least the past 40 years, Mr
Jani has been living, hermit-like, in a cave in the jungles close to <a href="http://www.ambajitemple.in/">the Gujarati temple of Ambaji.</a> He rises at 4am, spending most of the day
meditating. "Although I walk 100 or 200 kilometres in the jungle, I never sweat and
don’t feel tired or sleepy," he says. "I can meditate for three, eight
or 12 hours — or even months."</i></blockquote>
In 2003 he underwent his first hospital investigations. Then, as now, he
was placed under the care of Dr Sudhir Shah, a consultant neurologist
from Ahmedabad who specialises in studying people with seemingly
‘supernatural’ powers. While the results secured him an international following, they failed to
offer any concrete answers. As a result, Dr Shah and the military team
decided to repeat the experiment this year.<br />
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Dr Shah has been in charge of three similar investigations over the
past ten years, and he has never allowed independent verification. </i><br />
<i>In 2000, he was asking for funds to investigate a man. Manek, he claimed got his energy from the sun, just like plants do.</i><br />
<i>In
2003, he even approached NASA for funds to investigate Mr Jani,
claiming astronauts might benefit from the research. This particular
hospital, led by this particular doctor, keeps on making these claims
without ever producing evidence or publishing research.</i></blockquote>
The 2000 year study of Manek's fasting continuous for 411 days, as per <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/jainism/customs/fasting_1.shtml">jain tradition</a>.(i.e. taking only boiled water during day time and just no other food or liquids) is published <a href="http://www.sudhirneuro.org/files/fast_the_hypothesis.pdf">here</a>. A hypothesis.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>You will agree that such a prolonged continuous Jain fasting for religious (Spread of Ahimsa and other high mottos); scientific purposes (to create awarness about Sun-energy); also aimed at solution of four way human crisis (Physical, Mental, food; neurological) under scrupulous daily medical supervision is unheard of. </i></blockquote>
<b>How does his energy mathematics work?</b> they ask, and propose a hypothesis which has four basic steps</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
(1) Reducing calorie requirement by chronic adaptation (hibernation).</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
(2) Deriving basic energy from cosmic sources-chiefly, `sun energy'-solar energy (from environment, other humans).</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
(3) Utilizing the energy in the efficient way and recycling the same in his own body. </div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
(4) Genetically or phenotypically a different body disposition. </div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>The method practiced by Manek : To look at the rising sun daily, with naked eye and without blinking the eyes, as far as possible. To look for a few seconds initially and then every week to increase by few few seconds to ultimately reach up to several minutes. Eyes and specially retina must be healthy.</i> </blockquote>
They guess: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Through complex ways, distinct pathways this energy must enter the body. Is it a direct entry in to the physical body or it enters through auras (modulator) of human body. There is a pathway from the retina, to the hypthalamus, called <a href="http://flipper.diff.org/app/items/2474">the retinohypothalamic tract.</a> This brings information about the dark light cycles to supra chiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. From the SCN, impulses along the nerve travel via the pineal nerve (Sympathetic nervous system) to the pineal gland. These impulses inhibit the production of melatonin. When these impulses stop (at night or in dark, when the light no longer stimulates the hypothalamus) pineal inhibition caeses, melatonin is released. The pineal gland (or the third eye ) is therefore a photosensitive organ an important timekeeper. This solar (light and heat) energy may be transformed into electrical, magnetic or chemical energies in body.</i></blockquote>
<img alt="" src="http://webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/melanop5.jpg" height="327" width="400" /><br />
Janis study is <a href="http://www.sudhirneuro.org/files/mataji_case_study.pdf">here</a>. Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-76933799776792314072012-11-18T08:31:00.001-08:002012-11-18T08:31:10.194-08:00Nature, nurture and natural selection. Epigenetic memory.Nowhere has the debate about<b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture">nature and nurture</a></b>
been so controversial as in the study of mental ability in humans. IQ
is a phenotypic measurement of relative performance on a series of
mental ability tests. Our immune system is a sort of loose brain, in
that most immune cells
float free in our body, while our brain's neurons function within a
highly interconnected web. Both systems are functionally similar.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.williamcalvin.com/bk8/bk8ch1.htm">As</a> Jean Piaget used to say, intelligence is what
you use when you don’t know what to do, when all the standard answers
are inadequate.
To be smart is another thing. It is about making the right choises. </span><span style="font-size: small;">We can <b>subconsciously </b>try out variations, using many brain regions.
Eventually, as quality improves, we become conscious of our new
invention. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">This is when we become aware of our <span style="font-size: small;">intentions and thoughts? <a href="http://www.klab.caltech.edu/~koch/unconscious-homunculus.html">As examle mathematics</a>? The Libet readiness potential?</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" border="0" height="200" src="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2011/07/110724135553.jpg" width="300" /></span> </span><br />
<br />
<b>Brain developement and nature - nurture effect.</b><br />
<a href="http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v9/n4/box/nrg2322_BX4.html">Heritability patterns</a>
of IQ for young, preschool individuals are generally more to the
nurture factors than for elder humans. How is this tested when we know
that the developement of the nerves and theit net formations in the
brain is very much depending on the nurture effects? Twins have been
used in the majority of studies to estimate the heritability of IQ, both
monozygote and dizygote twins. MZ twins are substantially more similar
in IQ than DZ twins, whether
they are raised together or apart. Reported estimates of heritability
for IQ from twin studies are remarkably consistent in the range of
0.5–0.8, across many age groups. <a href="http://www.iq-tests.eu/iq-test-Genetics-versus-environment-400.html">Studies with adults </a>show that they have a higher heritability of IQ than
children do and that heritability could be as high as 0.8. Here can you also test your IQ.<br />
<br />
Gerald Edelman won the Nobel Prize in 1972 for his discovery that the
immune system doesn't operate through an instruction/memory model, as
had been thought, but rather through evolutionary natural selection
procedures. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003775#pone.0003775-Edelman2">He found</a>, rather, that through natural selection processes occurring over
eons of time, we are born with a vast number of specific antibodies that
each recognize and respond to a specific type of harmful invader that
shares our environment. If we lack such a natural immunity to a specific
invader (such as the AIDS virus), we may die if infected. Our immune
system can't <i>learn</i> how to destroy the invader; it simply has or
hasn't the capacity at birth. Edelman then studied our functionally
similar brain to see whether it
also operates principally on natural selection, rather than on
instruction and learning. His controversial theory, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_Darwinism">Neural Darwinism</a>,
(<a href="http://williamcalvin.com/1980s/1988Science.htm">here</a> a review) argues that our brain does operate on the basis of natural selection—or
at least that natural selection is the process that explains instruction
and learning. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003775#pone.0003775-Changeux2">Neuronal selection </a>is another term with good results.<br />
<br />
The powerful role that emotion plays in regulating brain activity, and
the preponderance of parallel (rather than linear) processing in our
brain, points to a biological model, not technological.<br />
<br />
Edelmann proposes that the electrochemical dynamics of our brain's development
and operation resemble the rich, layered ecology of a jungle
environment. A jungle has no external developer, no predetermined goals.
Indeed, it's a messy place characterized more by organic excess than by
goal-directed economy and efficiency. No one organism or group runs the
jungle. All plants and animals participate in the process, each
carrying out a variety of ecological functions. The jungle environment doesn't <i>instruct</i>
organisms how to behave, for example, by teaching trees how to position
their limbs and roots to get sunlight and soil nutrients. Evolution
works by <i>selection</i>, not instruction. <b>The environment <i>selects</i> from among the built-in options available</b>—it doesn't modify (instruct) the competing organisms. (<b>No homunculus</b> is there?) An infant brain doesn't have to <i>learn</i>
how to recognize specific
sounds and line segments; such basic neural networks are operational at
birth. We don't teach a child to walk or talk; we simply provide
opportunities for adaptations to an already operational process.
Gazzaniga (1992) argues that all we do in life is discover what's
already built into our brain. What we see as learning is actually a
search through our brain's existing library of operating networks for
the combinations of those that best allow us to respond to the immediate
challenge; our DNA couldn't possibly encode our brain's networks for
every possible
combination of sights/sounds/smells/textures/tastes/movements that our
brain can process. Instead, it encodes a basic developmental program
that regulates how neurons will differentiate and interconnect.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus">The homunculus-theory</a> has been <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus_argument">a big obstacle</a> in biology.He has unconscious thoughts, <a href="http://www.klab.caltech.edu/~koch/unconscious-homunculus.html">here</a> discussed by Fracis Crich and Christof Koch, 2000.<br />
<br />
Many has thought of the <i>nurture</i> side as being dominant, but these new theories argue that <i>nature</i>
plays a more important role than previously believed. They also
suggest that many current beliefs about instruction, learning, and
memory are wrong. The theories will become culturally controversial
because they will require reconceptualizations of such concepts as
parenting, teaching, learning, identity, free will, and human potential.
Further, some people may misuse the theories to support racist, sexist,
and elitist beliefs. Certainly those who reject Darwinian evolution
will be disturbed by the evolutionary base of the new theories. <br />
<br />
Fernando
et al. suggests a neuronal basis for causal inference, function
copying, and
natural selection within the human brain. To date, no model of neuronal
topology copying exists. We present three increasingly sophisticated
mechanisms to demonstrate how topographic map formation coupled with
Spike-Time Dependent Plasticity (STDP) can copy neuronal topology
motifs. A unit of selection is an entity that can replicate, and have
hereditary variation. If these units have differential fitness they can
evolve by natural selection.<br />
<ul>
<li>Fernando C, Karishma KK, Szathmáry E (2008) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003775">Copying and Evolution of Neuronal Topology</a>. PLoS ONE 3(11):
e3775.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003775</li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><b>Both Edelman and Changeux's groups have produced an impressive range of
detailed models of hill-climbing type (exploration and exploitation)
algorithms that can explain a wide range of behavioural and cognitive
phenomena at various levels of abstraction <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003775#pone.0003775-Gisiger1">[16]</a>; such as category formation <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003775#pone.0003775-Edelman2">[12]</a>, reinforcement learning using spike-time dependent plasticity modulated by dopamine reward <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003775#pone.0003775-Izhikevich2">[17]</a>, visual-motor control in a robotic brain-based device <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003775#pone.0003775-Krichmer1">[18]</a>, temporal sequence learning <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003775#pone.0003775-Dehaene1">[19]</a>, effortful cognition in the Stroop task <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003775#pone.0003775-Dehaene2">[20]</a>, and planning <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003775#pone.0003775-Dehaene3">[21]</a>.
Importantly, both these research programs avoid the need for
replication of neuronal groups, i.e. none of their algorithms require
units of selection. </b><b>The algorithms of Edelman and Changeux fundamentally consist of a population of stochastic hill-climbers <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003775#pone.0003775-Seung1">[25]</a>.
Each neuronal group is randomly initialized, and those groups that are
closest to a good solution obtain a greater quantity of synaptic
resources allowing them to ‘grow’ and/or ‘change’. </b></i></blockquote>
<br />
<b>The <a href="http://www.news24.com/MyNews24/IQ-vs-Genetics-20121116#.UKaZ3VtY_PI.facebook">heritability</a> of IQ</b> , (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritability_of_IQ">here wikipedia)</a>, investigates the relative importance
of genetics and environment for phenotypic variation in intelligence
quotient (IQ) in a population. If there is biological inheritance, heredity, of IQ, then the relatives of a
person with a high IQ should exhibit a comparably high IQ with a much
higher probability than the general population.<br />
<br />
In biology, and
specifically genetics, epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in
gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than
changes in the underlying DNA sequence.<br />
This is why the <b>differentiated cells in a multi-cellular organism
express only the genes that are necessary for their own activity.</b>
<i>Epigenetic changes are preserved</i> when cells divide, but usually (?) not into
the germline, which is conserved, sheltered, and divide very slowly (in off-state). <br />
<br />
Several neurophysiological factors have been correlated with
intelligence in humans, including the ratio of brain weight to body
weight and the size, shape and activity level of different parts of the
brain. Specific features that may affect IQ include the size and shape
of the frontal lobes, the amount of blood and chemical activity in the
frontal lobes, the total amount of gray matter in the brain, the overall
thickness of the cortex and the glucose metabolic rate.<br />
<br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQ" title="IQ">IQ</a> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_trait_locus" title="Quantitative trait locus">polygenic trait</a> (50 genes?) under normal circumstances according to recent research. However, certain single gene <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic disorders</a> can severely affect intelligence, with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylketonuria" title="Phenylketonuria">phenylketonuria</a> as an example. The example of phenylketonuria
(PKU) is informative. Untreated, this is a completely penetrant genetic
disorder causing brain damage and progressive mental retardation. PKU
can be treated by the elimination of phenylalanine from the diet. Hence,
a character (PKU) that used to have a virtually perfect heritability is
not heritable any more if modern medicine is available (the actual <i>allele</i> causing PKU would still be inherited, but the <i>phenotype</i> PKU would not be expressed anymore).<br />
<br />
Various studies have as instance found the heritability of IQ to be between 0.7 and 0.8 in adults and 0.45 in childhood in US.<br />
<br />
Governments have implemented several health policies regarding nutrients
and toxins known to influence cognitive function, as laws
requiring fortification of certain food products and laws establishing
safe levels of pollutants (e.g. lead, mercury, and organochlorides).
Improvements in nutrition, and in public policy in general, have been
implicated in worldwide IQ increases.<br />
<br />
This new field of epigenetics means that a lot of the traditional
assumptions in the field of genetic engineering are dangerously wrong.
For example, the assumption that it is only the sequence of codons that
create certain behaviours or attributes. It is not only the sequence but
how that sequence interacts with other sequences which determines it's
function - that means that a lot of the richness of expression is being
completely stultified when they simply worry about the basic sequence,
as they do in genetic modification.
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.rationaloptimist.com/blog/iq-heritability-is-testament-to-environmental-equality.aspx">Matt Ridley blog</a>: <i>In other words, hygienic, well-fed life enables people to
maximize their genetic potential so that the only variation left is
innate. Intelligence becomes significantly more heritable when
environmental hurdles to a child's development have been
dismantled. </i><br />
An objection to this is that in the well-fed conditions there are lots of diseases, so stress is obviously also a shelter for us. This is seen as instance in the cancer research on chaperones, or stress-proteins, also on kinases and regulation.<br />
<br />
The American Psychological Association's report <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence:_Knowns_and_Unknowns">"Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns"</a> (1995) states that "<i>there is no doubt that normal child
development requires a certain minimum level of responsible care. Here,
environment is playing a role in what is believed to be fully genetic
(intelligence) but it was found that severely deprived, neglectful, or
abusive environments have highly negative effects on many aspects of
children's intellect development. Regarding sex differences so have most standard tests of intelligence
been constructed to show equal results, but some studies show small
differences. Males do better on visual-spatial tasks, with a
particularly large difference on mental rotation (nearly 1 SD), which is
significant for their generally better performance in tasks that
involve aiming and throwing. Males also do relatively better on on tests
of proportional and mechanical reasoning as well as on mathematics.
Females do better on verbal tests and some memory tests. They do
relatively better in tests of literature, English composition, Spanish,
reading, and spelling. More males have dyslexia and stuttering. Possible
causes include gender roles and differences in brain structure which in
turn may be due genetics and/or environment. Differences in sex
hormones may be another explanation. Female exposure to high levels of
male hormones <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_utero" title="In utero">in utero</a>
is associated with higher spatial abilities as well as more spatial
ability as well as more play with "boys' toys" and less with 'girls'
toys". Males with higher testosterone levels do better on visuo-spatial
abilities and worse on verbal abilities. Older males given testosterone
score better on visuo-spatial tests.</i>"<br />
<br />
I almost never played with dolls nor 'girl toys'. More about gender differencies <a href="http://www.genengnews.com/insight-and-intelligenceand153/why-men-and-women-see-things-differently/77899685/">here</a>.<br />
<ul>
<li>HEREDITY refers to traits passing on from parent to offspring.
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>HERITABILITY refers to the proportion/percentage of VARIABILITY that
can be attributed to genetic differences. Please note that this does
not mean that that same proportion of the trait is attributed to
Genetics. </li>
</ul>
Note: Cognition, <a href="http://www.williamcalvin.com/bk8/index.htm">thinking</a>,
will, intention, consciousness are still open fundamental questions.
Correlation studies are also just that, correlations. This maybe also shed
some light also on the question what exactly is<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"> natural selection?</a> Natural selection acts on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a>. <i></i>Phenotype is determined by an organism's genetic make-up (genotype) and the environment in which the organism lives. <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>A prerequisite for natural selection to result in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptive evolution</a>, novel traits and speciation, is the presence of heritable genetic variation that results in fitness differences. In the past, most changes in the genetic material were considered neutral or close to neutral because they occurred in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncoding_DNA" title="Noncoding DNA">noncoding DNA</a> or resulted in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymous_substitution" title="Synonymous substitution">synonymous substitution</a>. However, recent research suggests that many mutations in non-coding DNA do have slight deleterious effects.</i> </blockquote>
But they can also give advantages! An example is intelligence and learning abilities<i>?</i><br />
<i> </i> <br />
<a href="http://www.bvgh.org/Biopharmaceutical-Solutions/Global-Health-Primer/Targets/cid/ViewDetails/ItemID/20.aspx">Epigenetics </a>is<a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110724135553.htm"> underlying the nurture effect.</a> An example is how plants "remember" the length of the cold winter
period in order to exquisitely time flowering so that pollination,
development, seed dispersal and germination can all happen at the
appropriate time. This requires an epigenetic longlasting 'memory', which explains how an organism can create a biological memory of some variable
condition, such as quality of nutrition or temperature.They found that a key gene called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_Locus_C">'Flowering Locus C'</a> is either completely off or completely on in any
one cell and also later in its progeny. They found that the longer the
cold period, the higher the proportion of cells that have FLC stably
flipped to the off position. This delays flowering and is down to a
phenomenon known as epigenetic memory.<br />
To provide experimental evidence to back up the model, the group used a technique where any cell that had the FLC
gene switched on, showed up blue under a microscope. From
observations, it was clear that cells were either completely switched or
not switched at all, in agreement with the theory.<br />
They also showed that the histone proteins near the FLC gene were
modified during the cold period, in such a way that would account for
the switching off of the gene.<br />
<ul>
<li>Andrew Angel, Jie Song, Caroline Dean, Martin Howard. <strong>A Polycomb-based switch underlying quantitative epigenetic memory</strong>. <em>Nature</em>, 2011; DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10241" target="_blank">10.1038/nature10241</a></li>
</ul>
The FTL gene was found in <i>Arabidopsis</i> research, one of the most extensively studied herbs. As instance here, <a href="http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/126/1/122.full.pdf">Regulation of flowering in A. by an FTL homologue.</a><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120822181358.htm">Reward</a>, </span> <span style="font-size: small;">sensory <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110708123935.htm">value-labelling</a>, <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110201172603.htm">sleep connected to future expectations</a>, etc. also requires some memory mo<span style="font-size: small;">dulation.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><br />
Also stochastic resonance of different non-chemical forms? <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_resonance" title="Stochastic resonance">Stochastic resonance</a> is a phenomenon that occurs in a threshold measurement system. This requires signals, and for plants light and carbon are signalling systems, also for animals <a href="http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2011/Cambridge/MEDICAL/MEDICAL-09.pdf">the carbon signalling systems are real energetic entities</a>, underlying the choise for the different molecular motors. See also the <a href="http://tgdtheory.com/public_html/pdfpool/nmpc.pdf">Negentropy Maximation Principle</a> NMP in TGD.<br />
The energy problem with too little available energy in biological ATP is maybe also partly solved?<br />
See <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.fi/2012/11/methyldynamics-behind-virtually-all.html">the short intro in earlier post.</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-23230466999464984722012-11-11T10:39:00.000-08:002012-11-16T14:00:34.908-08:00Methyldynamics behind virtually all pathologies?A remarkable growth in the understanding of epigenetics and the
impact
of epigenetics on contemporary biology has occurred in recent years.
This growth in the field of epigenetics has transformed our
conceptualization of the impact of the environment upon our genes and
upon our health.<b> The nature and nurture relation </b>is essential for
function. Epigenetic modifications shape behavior, modulate stress
responsivity,
and alter immune function. <b>This facet of epigenetics seeks to understand
the <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19958180">interactive linkages</a> that connect the psychological and social
environment with the epigenetic processes that modulate gene expression
and influence behavior.</b>
In a similar manner, the integrative field of psychoneuroimmunology
continues to advance the understanding of the complex networks that
connect brain, behavior and immunity. Stressors and/or adverse
psychosocial environments can affect gene expression by altering the
epigenetic patterns. The emphasis on genome itself is no longer
particularly important. The dynamic modulations behind gene function are more interesting.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.epigenome.org/index.php?page=project">The Human Epigenome Project</a>:<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: blue;"><b><i>Methylation
is the only flexible genomic parameter that can change genome function
under exogenous
influence. Hence it constitutes the main and so far missing link
between genetics, disease and the environment that is widely
thought to play a decisive role in the aetiology of virtually all
human pathologies. </i></b></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<b>DNA expression</b> is regulated by acetylation and deacetylation as a compression - expansion of the DNA chromatine. Also <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics">epigenetic factors </a>are important for both 1) histone modulation and 2) arginine-lysine changes of DNA expansion (activation) /<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20601951">compression</a> (inhibition),<i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">3) and/or</span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> ncRNA expression</span></span></i>. <a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/2050-6511/13/11/abstract">Both </a>NO (from arginine) and histone deacetylase activity (HDAC; see next post) regulate gene expressions and the direction of other cellular processes. <a href="http://www.epigentek.com/catalog/epimodifier-epigenetic-modulator-screening-system-p-3411.html?currency=fi&height=190&width=500&border=1&modal=true&random=1352638075096">The biological influences achieved</a> by various histone and DNA modifying
enzymes eventually require that histone and DNA be modified in a highly dynamic way. <b>Epigenetic
modifications can be modulated</b> by directly inhibiting modifying enzymes
or blocking co-factor recruiting pathways, as instance. The best characterized 'erasers' are the histone deacetylases (HDACs). For a review of HDACs see (<a class="cite-reflink bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12429021" id="__tag_202438170" role="button">De Ruijter et al., 2003</a>), but they are found for all categorizations of modulations.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nucleosome_1KX5_2.png/220px-Nucleosome_1KX5_2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nucleosome_1KX5_2.png/220px-Nucleosome_1KX5_2.png" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
DNA associates with histone proteins to form chromatin. From <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics">Wikipedia, epigenetics</a>. A better figure is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nucleosome_1KX5_colour_coded.png">here</a>. A ribbon diagram of <b>a nucleosome</b> with central histones, their amino terminal tails, with DNA wrapped about the exterior surface. + short <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjPcT1uUZiE&feature=youtu.be">video</a> of the DNA compression. <br />
<h1 class="content-title">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2991515/"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Epigenetics and Psychoneuroimmunology: Mechanisms and Models</span></span></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Mathews and Janusek 2010</span></span></h1>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>In vertebrates, approximately 2 meters of DNA are contained within each
cell and this DNA is packaged into chromatin in a manner that permits
transcription of some loci and suppression of other loci. The basic unit
of chromatin is the nucleosome, which is comprised of four core
histones (H2A, H2B, H3, H4, two of each) around which 146 base pairs of
DNA are wrapped.
The core histones are predominantly globular except for their amino
terminal “tails,” which are unstructured. A striking feature of
histones, and particularly of their tails, is the large number and types
of amino acid residues that can be modified. These distinct types of
modification include; acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation,
ubiquitylation, sumoylation, deimination and proline isomerization (<a class="cite-reflink bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17320507" id="__tag_202438284" role="button">Kouzarides, 2007</a>).
Histones modification has been detected at over sixty different amino
acid residues, but with extra complexity resulting from methylation at
lysine or arginine residues that may be of three forms: mono-, di-, or
trimethyl for lysines and mono- or di- (asymmetric or symmetric) for
arginine. This vast array of modifications provide for enormous
modification of functional responsivity. </i><br />
<ul>
<li class="two_line" style="height: 30px;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17320507/"><span class="invert">Review</span> Chromatin modifications and their function.</a>
<span class="one_line_source">[Cell. 2007]</span>
</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<br />
The
"epigenome" refers to the overall epigenetic state of a cell.
Epigenetic changes are preserved when cells divide, but mostly within
one individual organism's
lifetime, but, if gene disactivation occurs in a sperm or egg cell that
results in fertilization, then some epigenetic changes can be
transferred to the next generation. This raises the question of whether
or not epigenetic changes in an organism can alter the basic structure
of its DNA, a form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a>. This was in fact how the inherited epigenetic mechanism was detected by swedish scientists not so long ago. Diabetics and <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23045664">starvation</a> as instance had herited effects, see the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96verkalix_study" title="Överkalix study">Överkalix study</a> with Marcus Pembrey and colleagues. <br />
<br />
<b>The "epigenetic code" </b><br />
could represent the total state of the cell; relevant forms of epigenetic information such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_code_hypothesis" title="Histone code hypothesis">histone code</a> or direct <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methylation" title="DNA methylation">DNA methylation</a> patterns, or RNA modifications. The way that the cells stay differentiated in the case of DNA
methylation is clearer to us than it is in the case of histone shape.<br />
<br />
<i>One thinking is that this tendency of acetylation is
associated with "active" transcription as biophysical nature. Because
it normally has a positively charged nitrogen at its end, <b>lysine</b> can
bind the negatively charged<b> phosphates</b> of the DNA backbone. The
acetylation event converts the positively charged amine group on the
side chain into a neutral amide linkage. This removes the positive
charge, thus loosening the DNA from the histone. This is the "cis" model
of epigenetic function. There is also a 'trans' function.</i><br />
<i> </i> <br />
Although histone modifications occur throughout the entire sequence, the
unstructured N-termini of histones (called histone tails) are
particularly highly modified. These modifications include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylation" title="Acetylation">acetylation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">methylation</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitylation" title="Ubiquitylation">ubiquitylation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumoylation" title="Sumoylation">sumoylation</a>. Acetylation is the most highly studied of these modifications.<br />
<br />
Differing histone modifications are likely to function in differing
ways; acetylation at one position is likely to function differently than
acetylation at another position. Also, multiple modifications may occur
at the same time, and these modifications may work together to change
the behavior of the nucleosome. The idea that multiple dynamic
modifications regulate gene transcription in a systematic and
reproducible way is called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_code" title="Histone code">histone code</a>. <br />
<br />
There are several layers of regulation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a>. One way that genes are regulated is through the remodeling of chromatin. If the way that DNA is wrapped around the
histones changes, gene expression can change as well. Chromatin
remodeling is accomplished through two main mechanisms:
<br />
<ol>
<li>The first way is <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_translational_modification" title="Post translational modification">post translational modification</a>
of the amino acids that make up histone proteins, long chains of amino
acids, and if they are changed, the shape of the histone sphere might be
modified. DNA is not completely unwound during replication. It is
possible, then, that the modified histones may be carried into each new
copy of the DNA. Once there, these histones may act as templates,
initiating the surrounding new histones to be shaped in the new manner.
By altering the shape of the histones around it, these modified histones
would ensure that a differentiated cell would stay differentiated, and
not convert back into being a stem cell.</li>
<li>The second way is the addition of methyl groups to the DNA, mostly at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CpG_site" title="CpG site">CpG sites</a>, to convert <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a> to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-methylcytosine" title="5-methylcytosine">5-methylcytosine</a>.
5-Methylcytosine performs much like a regular cytosine, pairing up with
a guanine. However, some areas of the genome are methylated more
heavily than others, and highly methylated areas tend to be less
transcriptionally active, through a mechanism not fully understood.
Methylation of cytosines can also persist from the germ line of one of
the parents into the zygote, marking the chromosome as being inherited
from this parent (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_imprinting" title="Genetic imprinting">genetic imprinting</a>). Certain enzymes have a higher affinity for the methylated cytosine, and induce then more methylation. Hypermethylation typically occurs at CpG islands in the promoter region
and is associated with gene inactivation. Global hypomethylation has
also been implicated</li>
</ol>
<b>The RNA World, = before gene regulation. </b><br />
There is an RNA component, possibly involved in epigenetic gene regulation. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_interfering_RNA" title="Small interfering RNA">Small interfering RNAs</a> can modulate transcriptional gene expression via epigenetic modulation of targeted <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_%28biology%29" title="Promoter (biology)">promoters.</a><br />
Other epigenetic changes are mediated by the production of different <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splicing_%28genetics%29" title="Splicing (genetics)">splice forms</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>, alternative splicing, see below, or by formation of double-stranded RNA (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNAi" title="RNAi">RNAi</a>).
Descendants of the cell in which the gene was turned on will inherit
this activity, even if the original stimulus for gene-activation is no
longer present. These genes are most often turned on or off by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a>, although in some systems where <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncytia" title="Syncytia">syncytia</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_junctions" title="Gap junctions">gap junctions</a> are important, RNA may spread directly to other cells or nuclei by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a>.<br />
<br />
Alternative splicing modulation of the pyruvate kinase M gene involves a choice between mutually exclusive <b>exons</b> 9 and 10, writes Wang et al in <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://rsob.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/10/120133">Manipulation of PK-M mutually exclusive alternative splicing by antisense oligonucleotides</a>, 2012. One <span style="font-size: small;">alternative is</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> crucial for aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) and tumour growth. </span></span></span>Splicing enhancer elements that activate exon 10 are mainly found in exon 10 itself, and deleting or mutating these elements increases the inclusion of exon 9 in cancer cells. The 'antisensing of oligonucleotides'-mediated switch in alternative splicing leads to apoptosis in glioblastoma cell lines, and this is caused by the downregulation of PK-M2,not from another kinase. Note that this are changes in RNA:s only, not genes, so there are a very rich RNA regulating world that we are mostly unaware of yet.<br />
<br />
<b>Emotions are strong modulators.</b><br />
This <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2991515/">excerpt</a> links the exon modulations and signalling events in cells induced by motherly care first week after birth. <br />
<blockquote>
<i>The exact mechanism whereby maternal LG behavior (L=low) influences methylation of the GR promoter is currently unknown. Yet a series of studies implicate the involvement of the transcription factor, nerve growth factor-inducible protein A (NGFI-A), which functions to transcribe the gene that encodes for GR in the hippocampus. It is proposed that NGFI-A, couples with other transcription factors, cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB) and specific protein 1 (SP-1), to bind to the GR 5’ untranslated promoter exon 1<sub>7</sub>. The binding of this complex of proteins has been theorized to contribute to the reconfiguring of the methylation pattern of GR promoter exon 1<sub>7</sub>. The timing is critical in that this re-configuration of methylation is dependent upon levels of maternal LG during the first postnatal week (<a class="cite-reflink bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15220929" id="__tag_202438255" role="button">Weaver et al., 2004</a>; <a class="cite-reflink bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17301183" id="__tag_202438285" role="button">Weaver et al., 2007</a>). Following birth there is rapid de novo methylation of GR exon 1<sub>7</sub>, which is then demethylated over the course of the first postnatal week. It is this postnatal demethylation that is regulated by maternal LG behavior.</i></blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Other chapters in this remarcable study: </li>
<li>Epigenetic Perpetuation of Behavior Across Generations </li>
<li>Child Abuse, Suicide, and Epigenetic Modification </li>
<li>Prenatal Depression, Epigenetics and Infant Stress Response </li>
<li>Maternal Separation Stress, AVP, and Epigenetics </li>
<li>Early Life Adversity and Epigenetic Modification of BDNF Expression = Brain derived neurotrophic factor </li>
<li>Stress-Induced Depression Models and Epigenetic Modification of BDNF </li>
<li>Epigenetic Mechanisms in Aging-Associated Memory Impairment </li>
<li>Resilience to Stress-Induced Depression and Epigenetics </li>
<li>Stressor Duration and Epigenetic Modification </li>
<li>Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Epigenetics </li>
</ul>
<br />
From the study:
<i>It is clear that epigenetic modifications (e.g. those described above) serve as the molecular basis for environmental signals that influence behavioral outcomes and, as such, provide a bridge between the psychosocial world and the biological. This is congruent with psychoneuroimmunology, which seeks to understand the impact of environmental stimuli, especially psychosocial stimuli, on behavior, emotions, neuroendocrine stress responsivity, and immune function. There is no doubt that the genome of an individual provides the blueprint for biological responsivity. However, the epigenome adds another layer ‘on top of the genome’ and serves to modulate gene expression in response to environmental cues. It is likely that the interconnectivity among brain, behavior, and immunity may in fact be directed epigenetically.
How, when and where the genetic blueprint will be used in response to a particular stimulus will be a summation of biological networks within the individual. This will include not just DNA recognition events or transcriptional circuits but also the instruction for the use of the blueprint, by epigenetic responsivity that regulates ordered or disordered gene expression patterns. Given the focus of
psychoneuroimmunology, epigenetic approaches are particularly appealing and, most importantly, consistent with the concept that brain, behavior and immunity are intimately linked and responsive to environmental context. Intriguing and emerging evidence implicates epigenetic modifications as mediators of psychosocial-biological effects and makes analysis of epigenetics/epigenomics essential to understanding the
interconnections among those systems that represent the core of pyschoneuroimmunology.
These epigenetic effects have been demonstrated to be related to forms of histone modification, DNA methylation and/or ncRNA expression for a variety of immune based diseases including; systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis (<a class="cite-reflink bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19796189" id="__tag_202438181" role="button">Martino and Prescott, 2010</a>; <a class="cite-reflink bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19707891" id="__tag_202438187" role="button">Trenkmann et al., 2010</a>) type 1 diabetes, celiac disease and idiopathic thrombocytopenia (<a class="cite-reflink bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20053532" id="__tag_202438216" role="button">Brooks et al., 2010</a>), multiple sclerosis (<a class="cite-reflink bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19616791" id="__tag_202438116" role="button">Lincoln and Cook, 2009</a>), as well as asthma and allergy (<a class="cite-reflink bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19796189" id="__tag_202438159" role="button">Martino and Prescott, 2010</a>; <a class="cite-reflink bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20022812" id="__tag_202438173" role="button">Handel et al., 2010</a>).
There have been suggestions that psychosocial distress may contribute to either the exacerbation or development of these diseases. It is therefore plausible that psychosocial distress may impact the immune system by epigenetic processes.
Evolving evidence suggests that epigenetic modification may contribute to major psychoses and depression (<a class="cite-reflink bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19844740" id="__tag_226864779" role="button">Feinberg, 2010</a>; <a class="cite-reflink bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20373471" id="__tag_202438282" role="button">Janssen et al., 2010</a>) or obesity (<a class="cite-reflink bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20022812" id="__tag_202438176" role="button">Handel et al., 2010</a>).
Not all genes may be responsive or susceptible to epigenetic modification. Much of DNA is inaccessible within a cell and may not be responsive to environmentally induced chromatin remodeling signals (<a class="cite-reflink bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17522674" id="__tag_202438277" role="button">Fraser and Bickmore, 2007</a>).
For example, Weaver et al. found that infusion of an HDAC inhibitor into the adult rat hippocampus altered expression of only about 2% of all genes normally expressed (<a class="cite-reflink bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16484373" id="__tag_202438271" role="button">Weaver et al., 2006</a>).
It is possible that a relatively restricted pool of adult genes may be dynamically responsive to environmental cues. Certainly, it is unlikely that all genes can be modified through environmentally induced epigenetic processes. Future investigations will be challenged to link epigenetic modifications to functional changes in the expression of specific genes and moreover, to relate these changes to physiological
and/or psychological outcomes. It is such linkages that are essential to draw meaningful conclusions as to the biological and health-relevant significance of epigenetic modification.
It is unclear whether the evaluations of surrogate epigenetic marks in blood, saliva, and/or buccal swabs reflect such marks in other disease associated tissues. Epigenetic marks are tissue and cell specific, as well as dependent on stage of life and gender.
In conclusion, it is likely that epigenetic patterns translate or at least contribute to the relationship between the environment and human health. This possibility opens wide a vista of potential interventions, including behavioral or dietary interventions that can take advantage of the plasticity of the epigenome (<a class="cite-reflink bibr popnode tag_hotlink tag_tooltip jig-ncbipopper" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20022812" id="__tag_202438227" role="button">Handel et al., 2010</a>). </i>
<br />
<br />
Drug development has focused mainly on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_acetyltransferase" title="Histone acetyltransferase">histone acetyltransferase</a> (HAT) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_deacetylase" title="Histone deacetylase">histone deacetylase</a> (HDAC). This is the reason for this short introduction. There are news about memory formation and synaptic plasticity. I wanted to put them in a context.<br />
<br />
"<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2991515/">Epigenetics, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity</a>" gives a good overview of epigenetics provided with a consideration of the nature of epigenetic regulation
including DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin
re-modeling. Illustrative examples of recent scientific developments are
highlighted to demonstrate the influence of epigenetics in areas of
research relevant to those who investigate phenomena within the
scientific discipline of psychoneuroimmunology. These examples are
presented in order to provide a perspective on <b>how epigenetic analysis
will add insight into the molecular processes that connect the brain
with behavior, neuroendocrine responsivity and immune outcome.</b><br />
<br />
This is something pointed out also by Radoslav Bozov in his paper '<a href="http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2011/Cambridge/MEDICAL/MEDICAL-09.pdf">Theory of Carbon Signaling<b>.</b> Negentropy vs Entropy. Emergence of Self Propagated Biological Systems</a>', with whom I have discussed much. See also my earlier posts <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2012/05/life-is-part-of-environment.html">Life is part of the environment</a>,<a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/06/molecular-mechanism-of-innate-immunity.html"> </a><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/06/molecular-mechanism-of-innate-immunity.html">the molecular mechanisms of innate immunity</a>, <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/02/cancer-not-result-of-mutations.html">cancer not a result of mutations</a>, <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/12/informational-problem-cell-membrane-and.html"> </a><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/12/informational-problem-cell-membrane-and.html">the informational problem - cell membrane and promoter</a><b>, </b> <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/09/informational-problem-telomeres-and.html">- telomeres and loops</a>. Also thanks to TGD.<b><br /></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-8956594833725564082012-11-01T01:41:00.002-07:002012-11-01T01:41:37.648-07:00First snow.<br />
<br />
Can you make a snowball today, the kids wondered when the first snow fell? Oh, I'll try, surely mom can make a snowman, though nobody else can... and here he is. He lived in three days til the head dropped off. We tried to shelter it with a scarf and a cap. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXNumPtI2KqqYL5JW22rp1geLe9zSo4DXLHzsR6bTrRNuAd_mDW6_svmjpqoL_0dM9wV_LfRXAkB3kZNN1isrhhV8zgFIgnRzgo_jUMoRBY43JV40fdicMB-Vv5O4FVXgQDMh5jEYAoMU/s1600/div+019.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXNumPtI2KqqYL5JW22rp1geLe9zSo4DXLHzsR6bTrRNuAd_mDW6_svmjpqoL_0dM9wV_LfRXAkB3kZNN1isrhhV8zgFIgnRzgo_jUMoRBY43JV40fdicMB-Vv5O4FVXgQDMh5jEYAoMU/s320/div+019.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
<br />
And don't look at the background...Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-30060743097253939922012-11-01T01:30:00.000-07:002012-11-01T01:32:47.488-07:00<span class="userContent">When I woke up this morning<br /> from my slumber<br /> I saw it clearly<br /> <br /> My heart is like a cave<br /> with the peculiar ability<br /> to open wide up at occasions<br /> and filled with diamonds, so bristling and shining<br /> like Aladdins cave in the story.</span><br />
<br />
Once a woman said to me<br />
<div class="text_exposed_show">
Oh, nice to meet you<br />
such a beautiful soul<br />
filled with light and angels around<br />
<br />
I had to laugh at her<br />
Me? Beautiful?<br />
She must be kidding<br />
I am just ordinary, common, clumpsy...<br />
Another said, look at the cat!<br />
She sees many light balls around<br />
I just smiled<br />
<br />
You must be something special, you said<br />
but not necessarily in a positive tone<br />
<br />
Nice, smooth aura, filled with yellow light, said an old woman<br />
You said, there is a light around you<br />
Oh, I wish I could see those things...<br />
<br />
You should be writing, said one<br />
so nice words<br />
I know, I am so splitted<br />
thousand things to do<br />
thousand stories to tell<br />
thousand humans to heal</div>
<div class="text_exposed_show">
thousand duties <br />
<br />
Where do I start?<br />
How would I find the inner peace to do it?<br />
Listen to the heart, it is calling<br />
and has called a long time already.<br />
<br />
Some said, you have to follow your heart<br />
or you will be seriously ill<br />
I believe so.</div>
<div class="text_exposed_show">
Where your soul wander</div>
<div class="text_exposed_show">
there you have to follow. </div>
<div class="text_exposed_show">
</div>
<div class="text_exposed_show">
<br />
This is my favourite, you said</div>
<div class="text_exposed_show">
look, a heart, from me</div>
<div class="text_exposed_show">
Oh, so beautiful</div>
<div class="text_exposed_show">
a cave opened up</div>
<div class="text_exposed_show">
filled with thousand bristling diamonds</div>
<div class="text_exposed_show">
the Aladdin cave? </div>
<div class="text_exposed_show">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgefCgYh_Lru3BA2TQoPhMGIiO8VsuFFugjgscG4vduyrxUuOt_btkIKKXt7xHhQdxsc_XbXXJ0R1Rs_U5N4kclTP0GItotsK7G6LDDxRqGrpdM4szMOmVvSBZGEXKp0I_g16L3MOkDHIA/s1600/div+031+red.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgefCgYh_Lru3BA2TQoPhMGIiO8VsuFFugjgscG4vduyrxUuOt_btkIKKXt7xHhQdxsc_XbXXJ0R1Rs_U5N4kclTP0GItotsK7G6LDDxRqGrpdM4szMOmVvSBZGEXKp0I_g16L3MOkDHIA/s320/div+031+red.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-61219886390003042592012-06-08T13:26:00.002-07:002012-06-09T12:21:41.428-07:00Artificial atoms, mechanized molecules and synthetic chrystals.<b>Artificial atoms or Quantum dots.</b><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_atom"><b>Artificial atom</b></a> is an object that has bound, discrete electronic states, as is the case with naturally occurring atoms. Semiconductor <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dots" title="Quantum dots">quantum dots</a> are the most common example of artificial atoms, and are analogies for real atoms. Artificial atoms are made up of more than
one atom, but are like single atoms in one important way: when you
provide the right amount (or quanta) of energy, they will give off
coloured light.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_matter"><b>Programmable matter</b></a> refers to matter which has the ability to change its physical properties (shape, density, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moduli_%28physics%29" title="Moduli (physics)">moduli</a>,
optical properties, etc.) in a programmable fashion, based upon user
input or autonomous sensing. Programmable matter is thus linked to the
concept of a material which inherently has the ability to perform
information processing.<b> </b>.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="color: #073763;">
<i>Programmable matter is a term originally coined in 1991 by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Toffoli" title="Tommaso Toffoli">Toffoli</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Margolus" title="Norman Margolus">Margolus</a> to refer to an ensemble of fine-grained computing elements arranged in space. Their paper describes a computing <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_%28materials_science%29" title="Substrate (materials science)">substrate</a>
that is composed of fine-grained compute nodes distributed throughout
space which communicate using only nearest neighbor interactions. In
this context, programmable matter refers to compute models<b> similar to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automata" title="Cellular automata">cellular automata</a> </b>and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_Gas_Automata" title="Lattice Gas Automata">Lattice Gas Automata</a>. The CAM-8 architecture is an example hardware realization of this model. This function is also known as "digital referenced areas" (DRA) in some forms of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-replicating_machine" title="Self-replicating machine">self-replicating machine</a> science.</i></div>
</blockquote>
1. The programming could be external to the material and might be achieved
by the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_matter#CITEREFMcCarthy2006"><i>application of light, voltage, electric or magnetic fields, etc.</i></a>". For example, in this school of thought, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" title="Liquid crystal display">liquid crystal display</a> is a form of programmable matter. <br />
2. The individual units of the ensemble can compute and the result of
their computation is a change in the ensemble's physical properties.<br />
3. Scale is one key differentiator between different forms of programmable matter. Nano - cm, and even bigger. At the nanoscale end of the spectrum there are a tremendous number of
different bases for programmable matter, ranging from shape changing
molecules<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stoddart.chem.ucla_7-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_matter#cite_note-stoddart.chem.ucla-7"></a></sup> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot" title="Quantum dot">quantum dots</a> or artificial atoms. In the
micrometer to sub-millimeter range examples include claytronics, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" title="Microelectromechanical systems">MEMS</a>-based units, cells created using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">synthetic biology</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_fog" title="Utility fog">utility fog</a> concept.<br />
<span class="mw-headline" id=".22Simple.22_programmable_matter"> </span><br />
<b><span class="mw-headline" id=".22Simple.22_programmable_matter">"Simple" programmable matter</span><span class="mw-headline" id=".22Simple.22_programmable_matter"> see also </span></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_material" title="Smart material">Smart material</a>.<br />
<span class="mw-headline" id=".22Simple.22_programmable_matter"> </span>Materials that can change their properties based on some input, but do
not have the ability to do complex computation by themselves.<br />
1. The physical properties of several <b>complex fluids</b> can be modified by applying a current or voltage, as is the case with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystals" title="Liquid crystals">liquid crystals</a>.<br />
2. <b>Metamaterials </b>are artificial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composites</a>
that can be controlled to react in ways that do not occur in nature.
One example developed by David Smith and then by John Pendry and David
Schuri is of a material that can have its <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_refraction" title="Index of refraction">index of refraction</a> tuned so that it can have a different index of refraction at different points in the material.<br />
3. <b>Molecules that can change</b><span style="color: black;"> (mechanostereochemistry)</span><span style="color: white; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: x-small;"> </span>their shape, as well as other properties, in response to external stimuli. Can be used individually or en masse, ex, molecules that can <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fraser_Stoddart">change their electrical properties</a><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"> <span style="font-size: small;">as<b> </b></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://stoddart.northwestern.edu/">mechanized molecules,</a></b></span><span class="mainTitle" style="color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span></span></span></span><span class="mainTitle" style="color: black;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanically-interlocked_molecular_architectures" title="Mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures">mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Borromean_rings" title="Molecular Borromean rings">molecular Borromean rings</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenanes" title="Catenanes">catenanes</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotaxane" title="Rotaxane">rotaxanes</a> utilizing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_recognition" title="Molecular recognition">molecular recognition</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_self-assembly" title="Molecular self-assembly">molecular self-assembly</a>
processes. These topologies can be employed as
molecular switches and as motor-molecules, and even applied
these structures in the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoelectromechanical_systems" title="Nanoelectromechanical systems">nanoelectromechanical systems</a> (NEMS).<br />
<ul>
<li><span class="mainTitle"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cplu.v77.3/issuetoc">Mechanically Interlocked Molecules Assembled by π–π Recognition</a> </span>comprising aromatic π–π stacking interactions The template-directed synthetic protocols and recognition motifs including donor-acceptor, neutral, and radical interactions.</li>
</ul>
<span class="mainTitle"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacking_%28chemistry%29">π–stack charachters </a>have been applied to the DNA structure too, as <b>reductive</b> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17119642"> electron-transport system</a>, </span><span class="mainTitle">and its <b>oxidative</b> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18549268">hairpins for hole transfer through DNA</a>.</span><span class="mainTitle"> </span>These interactions are important in base stacking of DNA nucleotides,
protein folding and protein chrystal formation, template-directed synthesis, materials science, and
molecular recognition, Despite intense experimental and theoretical interest, there is no
unified description of the factors that contribute to pi stacking
interactions. There are compelling computational evidence for the importance of direct interaction in pi stacking. It seems that the relative contributions of electrostatics,
dispersion, and direct interactions to the substituent effects seen in
pi stacking interactions <b>are highly dependent on geometry and
experime</b>ntal design. The <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18163608">chromophore</a> has also a special role, and it has been linked to quantum biology. see <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2879062/?tool=pubmed">Mechanisms for DNA charge transport.</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacking_%28chemistry%29#cite_note-HoukWheeler-11"></a><br />
<span class="mainTitle"><br /></span><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Reconfiguring_Modular_Robotics">Self-Reconfiguring Modular Robotics</a> is a field of robotics in which a
group of basic robot modules work together to dynamically form shapes
and create behaviours suitable for many tasks. Like Programmable matter
SRCMR aims to offer significant improvement to any kind of objects or
system by introducing many new possibilities for example:<br />
1. Most
important is the incredible flexibility that comes from the ability to
change the physical structure and behavior of a solution by changing the
software that controls modules.<br />
2. The ability to self-repair by
automatically replacing a broken module will make SRCMR solution
incredibly resilient.<br />
3. Reducing the environmental foot print by
reusing the same modules in many different solutions.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claytronics" title="Claytronics">Claytronics,</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoscale" title="Nanoscale">nanoscale</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a> ('claytronic <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoms" title="Atoms">atoms</a>', or <i>catoms</i>) designed to form much larger scale <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machines" title="Machines">machines</a>
or mechanisms. The catoms will be sub-millimeter computers that will
eventually have the ability to move around, communicate with other
computers, change color, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic" title="Electrostatic">electrostatically</a> connect to other catoms to form different shapes.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_well" title="Quantum well">Quantum well</a>s, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_well" title="Potential well">potential well</a> with only discrete energy values, can hold one or more electrons. Those electrons behave like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_atom" title="Artificial atom">artificial atoms</a> which, like real atoms, can form <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bonds" title="Covalent bonds">covalent bonds</a>, but these are extremely weak. Because of their larger sizes, other properties are also widely different. One way to create <b>quantization </b>is to confine particles, which were originally
free to move in three dimensions, to two dimensions, forcing them to
occupy a planar region. The effects of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_confinement" title="Quantum confinement">quantum confinement</a> take place when the quantum well thickness becomes comparable to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Broglie_wavelength" title="De Broglie wavelength">de Broglie wavelength</a> of the carriers (generally <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">holes</a>), leading to energy levels called "energy subbands", i.e., the carriers can only have discrete energy values. Quantum wells are formed in semiconductors by having a material, like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">gallium arsenide</a> sandwiched between two layers of a material with a wider <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandgap" title="Bandgap">bandgap</a>, like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_arsenide" title="Aluminium arsenide">aluminium arsenide</a>. These structures can be grown by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_beam_epitaxy" title="Molecular beam epitaxy">molecular beam epitaxy</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">chemical vapor deposition</a> with control of the layer thickness down to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolayer" title="Monolayer">monolayers</a>. Thin metal films can also support quantum well states, in particular,
metallic thin overlayers grown in metal and semiconductor surfaces. The
electron (or hole) is confined by the vacuum-metal interface in one
side, and in general, by an absolute gap with semiconductor substrates,
or by a projected band gap with metal substrates.<br />
<br />
<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a> </b>aims to engineer cells with "novel biological functions." Such cells are
usually used to create larger systems (e.g., biofilms) which can be
"programmed" utilizing synthetic gene networks such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Collins_%28Boston_University%29" title="James Collins (Boston University)">genetic toggle switches</a>, to change their color, shape, etc. <a href="http://exploringorigins.org/protocells.html">Protocells </a>and other minimal solutions.<br />
<ul>
<li> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11841864/">Artificial cells: prospects for biotechnology.</a>
<span class="one_line_source">[Trends Biotechnol. 2002]</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>A. Forstser and G. Church, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1681520/?tool=pmcentrez">Towards synthesis of a minimal cell</a>, 2008.</li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="color: #073763;">
<i>Construction of a chemical system capable of replication and evolution,
fed only by small molecule nutrients, is now conceivable. This could be
achieved by stepwise integration of decades of work on the
reconstitution of DNA, RNA and protein syntheses from pure components.
Such a minimal cell project would initially define the components
sufficient for each subsystem, allow detailed kinetic analyses and lead
to improved <i>in vitro</i> methods for synthesis of biopolymers,
therapeutics and biosensors. Completion would yield a functionally and
structurally understood self-replicating biosystem. Safety concerns for
synthetic life will be alleviated by extreme dependence on elaborate
laboratory reagents and conditions for viability. Our proposed minimal
genome is 113 kbp long and contains 151 genes. We detail building blocks
already in place and major hurdles to overcome for completion.</i></div>
</blockquote>
<img alt="An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is msb4100090-f1.jpg Object name is msb4100090-f1.jpg" class="tileshop" height="181" src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1681520/bin/msb4100090-f1.jpg" title="Click on image to zoom" width="200" /> <i>A minimal cell containing biological macromolecules and pathways proposed to be
necessary and sufficient for replication from small molecule nutrients. </i><br />
<br />
See also <i><br /></i><br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_genomics" title="Synthetic genomics">Synthetic genomics</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_morphology" title="Synthetic morphology">Synthetic morphology</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biomodeling" title="Computational biomodeling">Computational biomodeling</a></li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot"><b>Quantum dots</b></a> are like man-made, detected 1980,
artificial atoms that are described by discrete states.<br />
It is a portion of matter (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a>) whose <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exciton" title="Exciton">excitons</a> are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_well" title="Potential well">confined</a> in all three <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_dimensions" title="Spatial dimensions">spatial dimensions</a>.
Consequently, such materials have electronic properties intermediate
between those of bulk semiconductors and those of discrete <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecules" title="Molecules">molecules.</a> They could only be used in low temperature settings earlie, but this new technology described in <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090127170710.htm" target="_blank" title="Quantum Dots">Science Daily</a> does not. Quantum dots have previously ranged in size from 2-10 nanometers in
diameter. While typically composed of several thousand atoms, all the
atoms pool their electrons to “sing with one voice”, that is, the
electrons are shared and coordinated as if there is only one atomic
nucleus at the centre. <br />
<br />
As with any crystalline semiconductor, a quantum dot's electronic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_function" title="Wave function">wave functions</a> extend over the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal lattice</a>. Similar to a molecule, a quantum dot has both a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_%28physics%29" title="Quantization (physics)">quantized</a> energy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum#Modern_meaning_in_the_physical_sciences" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a> and a quantized <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_of_states" title="Density of states">density of electronic states</a> near the edge of the band gap. The quantum dot absorption features correspond to transitions between discrete,three-dimensional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_in_a_box" title="Particle in a box">particle in a box</a> states of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> and the hole, both confined to the same <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometer" title="Nanometer">nanometer</a>-size box.These discrete transitions are reminiscent of atomic spectra and have resulted in quantum dots also being called <i>artificial atoms</i>. <br />
Its electronic characteristics are closely related to the size and shape of
the individual crystal. Generally, the smaller the size of the crystal,
the larger the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_gap" title="Band gap">band gap</a>, the greater the difference in energy between the highest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_band" title="Valence band">valence band</a> and the lowest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduction_band" title="Conduction band">conduction band</a>
becomes, therefore more energy is needed to excite the dot, and
concurrently, more energy is released when the crystal returns to its
resting state. A main advantage with quantum dots is that, because of the high level
of control possible over the size of the crystals produced, it is
possible to have very precise control over the conductive properties of
the material.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot#cite_note-5"></a></sup> Quantum dots of different sizes can be assembled into a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient_Multi-Layer_nanofilm" title="Gradient Multi-Layer nanofilm">gradient multi-layer nanofilm</a>.<br />
<br />
<img alt="Quantum Dots" class="alignright size-medium wp-image-379" height="224" src="http://www.onlineinvestingai.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/quantum_dots-300x224.jpg" width="300" /><br />
The National Institute of Nanotechnology at the University of Alberta announced that they created the smallest quantum dot, 2009. From <a href="http://www.onlineinvestingai.com/blog/2009/02/04/whats-the-spin-on-quantum-dots/">What's the spin on quantum dots.</a><br />
<br />
In a semiconductor crystal lattice, the electrons are squeezed together,
since no two nearby electrons can share exactly the same energy level
according to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle" title="Pauli exclusion principle">Pauli exclusion principle</a>, leading to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_well" title="Potential well">quantum confinement</a>. The energy level can then be modeled using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_in_a_box" title="Particle in a box">particle in a box</a>,
which leads to the conclusion that the energy levels of the quantum dot
is dependent on its size. When the size of the quantum dot is smaller
than the critical characteristic length called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exciton" title="Exciton">Exciton</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_radius" title="Bohr radius">Bohr radius</a>,
the electrons crowding lead to the splitting of the original energy
levels into smaller ones with smaller gaps between each successive
level. The Exciton Bohr radius is larger than the Bohr radius due to the
effect of dielectric screening and the influence of periodic lattice
structure of the crystal. The quantum dots that have radii larger than
the Exciton Bohr radius are said to be in the 'weak confinement regime'
and the ones that have radii smaller than the Exciton Bohr radius are
said to be in the 'strong confinement regime'. Thus, if the size of the
quantum dot is small enough that the quantum confinement effects
dominate(typically less than 10 nm), the electronic and optical
properties change, and the fluorescent wavelength is determined by the
size.<br />
<br />
<img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="160" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/QuantumDot_wf.gif/330px-QuantumDot_wf.gif" width="330" /><br />
<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot">3D confined electron wave functions in a quantum dot</a>. Here, rectangular
and triangular-shaped quantum dots are shown. Energy states in
rectangular dots are more </i><i>s-type and </i><i>p-type. However, in a triangular dot the wave functions are mixed due to confinement symmetry.</i><br />
<br />
Besides confinement in all three dimensions (i.e., a quantum dot), other quantum confined semiconductors include: <br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_wire" title="Quantum wire">Quantum wires</a>, which confine electrons or holes in two spatial dimensions and allow free propagation in the third.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_well" title="Quantum well">Quantum wells</a>, which confine electrons or holes in one dimension and allow free propagation in two dimensions. Wells can be of many kinds.</li>
</ul>
Different sized quantum dots emit different color light due to quantum confinement.<br />
<br />
The images in
this series represent<b> the electron densities</b> in a quantum dot artificial
atom.<br />
<ul>
</ul>
<a href="http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/mmg_disp.cfm?med_id=62345" target="_blank"></a><b>Quantum Dot Wave Function</b> (<a href="http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/mmg_disp.cfm?med_id=62345">Image 1</a>)<br />
<br />
<table bgcolor="#f2f2f2" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="10">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center"><img alt="Part of a series of images depicting electron densities in a quantum dot artificial atom" border="0" height="220" src="http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/media/images/klimeck_f.jpg" vspace="2" width="350" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br />
The visuals were generated by the nanoelectronic modeling tool called
NENO 3-D, and were visualized on the nanoVIS rendering service at
<a href="http://www.nanohub.org/" target="_blank">www.nanoHUB.org</a>, a rich, Web-based resource for research, education and
collaboration in nanotechnology.<br />
<br />
NanoHUB.org was created by the National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded
Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN), a network of
universities with a vision to pioneer the development of nanotechnology,
from science to manufacturing, through innovative theory, exploratory
simulation and novel cyberinfrastructure. NCN students, staff and
faculty are developing the NanoHUB science gateway, while making use of
it in their own research and education. Collaborators and partners
across the world have joined NCN in this effort.<br />
<br />
NanoHUB hosts over 790 resources to help users learn about
nanotechnology, including online presentations, courses, learning
modules, podcasts, animations, teaching materials and more. Most
importantly, NanoHUB offers simulation tools that can be accessed from
your Web browser, so you can not only learn about, but also simulate
nanotechnology devices. NanoHUB also provides collaboration environment
via Workspaces, online meetings and user groups.<br />
<br />
(Date of Image: May 2006) <a href="http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/mmg_disp.cfm?med_id=62346&from=mmg" target="_blank">Image 2</a>.<br />
<img alt="Part of a series of images depicting electron densities in a quantum dot artificial atom" border="0" height="220" src="http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/media/images/klimeck_ss_f.jpg" vspace="2" width="350" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/media/images/klimeck_pd_f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Part of a series of images depicting electron densities in a quantum dot artificial atom" border="0" height="220" src="http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/media/images/klimeck_pd_f.jpg" vspace="2" width="350" /></a><i></i></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Image 3<br />
Credit: <i>Wei Qiao, David Ebert, Marek Korkusinski, Gerhard Klimeck; Network for Computational Nanotechnology, Purdue University</i><br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 490px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/media/images/klimeck_h.jpg" target="_blank">Download</a> the high-resolution JPG version of the image. (399 KB </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Use your mouse to right-click (Mac users may need to
Ctrl-click) the link above and choose the option that will save the file
or target to your computer.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span class="hasCaption"></span><br />
<br />
<span class="hasCaption"><b>Synthetic chrystals.</b><br /><a href="http://www.e6.com/">Element Six</a>, the world leader in synthetic
diamond supermaterials, working in partnership with academics in Harvard
University, California Institute of Technology and Max-Planck-Institut
für Quantenoptik, has used its <a href="http://www.e6.com/wps/wcm/connect/e6_content_en/home/about+us/news/news+2012/element+six+and+harvard+university+collaboration+on+nano-engineered+synthetic+diamond+sets+a+new+quantum+information+record">Element Six single crystal synthetic diamond </a>grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) <b>to demonstrate the
capability of quantum bit memory to exceed one second at room
temperature.</b></span><br />
<span class="hasCaption"><b> </b><br /> </span><a href="javascript:openWindow('http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20120608/537611');">Using synthetic diamond</a>, Element Six and Harvard University have set a
new room temperature quantum information storage record of more than one
second – a thousand times longer than previously recorded. <br />
<br />
<span class="hasCaption">It proved the ability of synthetic diamond to
provide the read-out of a quantum bit <b>which had preserved its spin
polarisation for several minutes and its memory coherence for over a
second.</b> This is the first time that such long memory times have been
reported for a material at room temperature, giving synthetic diamond a
significant advantage over rival materials and technologies that require
complex infrastructure which necessitates, for example, cryogenic
cooling.</span><br />
<span class="hasCaption"><br /> The versatility, robustness, and potential scalability of
this synthetic diamond system may allow for new applications in quantum
information science and quantum based sensors used, for example, in
nano-scale imaging of chemical/biological processes.</span><br />
<span class="hasCaption"><br /> Steve Coe, Element Six Group Innovation Director,
explained the success of the collaboration:<br /> <br /> "<i>The field of
synthetic diamond science is moving very quickly and is requiring
Element Six to develop synthesis processes with impurity control at the
level of parts per trillion – real nano-engineering control of CVD
diamond synthesis. We have been working closely with Professor Lukin's
team in Harvard for three years - this result published in Science is an
example of how successful this collaboration has been.</i>"<br /> <br /> Professor Mikhail Lukin of Harvard University's Department of Physics described the significance of the research findings:<br /> <br />
"<i>Element Six's unique and engineered synthetic diamond material has
been at the heart of these important developments. The demonstration of a
single qubit quantum memory with seconds of storage time at room
temperature is a very exciting development, which combines the four key
requirements of initialisation, memory, control and measurement. These
findings might one day lead to novel quantum communication and
computation technologies, but in the nearer term may enable a range of
novel and disruptive quantum sensor technologies, such as those being
targeted to image magnetic fields on the nano-scale for use in imaging
chemical and biological processes.</i>"<br /> </span><br />
<span class="hasCaption">The findings represent the
latest developments in <b>quantum information processing</b>, which involves
manipulating individual atomic sized impurities in synthetic diamond and
exploiting the quantum property spin of an individual electron, with superposition so this quantum spin (qubit) can be both 0 and 1
simultaneously. It is this property that provides a framework for
quantum computing, but also for more immediate applications such as
novel magnetic sensing technologies.</span><br />
<br />
See also <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2012/02/about-protons-and-atoms.html">About protons and atoms.</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-47951807253989610532012-06-06T10:24:00.001-07:002012-06-06T10:24:11.550-07:00Quantum Biology.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/CnHM-PyN0gg?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />
Photosynthetic quantum mechanism.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/2nqHOnVTxJE?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
DNA.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/RPJF7VyC6wU?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
Morphogenetic fields. Short.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/LXFFbxoHp3s?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
Tubulins/qubits.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<object width="320" height="266" class="BLOGGER-youtube-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="http://2.gvt0.com/vi/0OO8E1_GJ4o/0.jpg"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/0OO8E1_GJ4o&fs=1&source=uds" />
<param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" />
<param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" />
<embed width="320" height="266" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/0OO8E1_GJ4o&fs=1&source=uds" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></div>
<br />
Dendritic cytoskeleton.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/HteQf2fqrWc?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />
Electronics of benzoediazepins.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://worldsciencefestival.com/events/quantum_biology"><b>Quantum Biology and the Hidden Nature of Nature</b> </a><br />
<span class="participants">
<a class="participant" href="http://worldsciencefestival.com/participants/john_hockenberry">John Hockenberry</a>,
<a class="participant" href="http://worldsciencefestival.com/participants/paul_davies">Paul Davies</a>, <a class="participant" href="http://worldsciencefestival.com/participants/seth_lloyd">Seth Lloyd</a>, <a class="participant" href="http://worldsciencefestival.com/participants/thorsten_ritz">Thorsten Ritz</a> </span><time><b> </b>June 1, 2012</time> <br />
<br />
<span><a class="venue" href="http://worldsciencefestival.com/venues/the_kaye_playhouse_at_hunter_college">The Kaye Playhouse at Hunter College</a></span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://worldsciencefestival.com/webcasts/quantum_biology">Chromatophores </a>etc. World Science Festival 2012. Can the spooky world of quantum physics explain bird navigation,
photosynthesis and even our delicate sense of smell? Clues are mounting
that the rules governing the subatomic realm may play an unexpectedly
pivotal role in the visible world. Leading thinkers in the emerging
field of quantum biology explored the hidden hand of quantum physics on
the scales of everyday life.<br />
<span> </span>
<br />
<b>Thorsten Ritz</b> is a biophysicist interested in the role of
quantum mechanics in biological systems, ranging from photosynthetic
light harvesting systems to sensory cells. He has championed the idea
that a quantum mechanical reaction may lie at the heart of the magnetic
compass of birds and other animals. Straddling and often breaking the
barriers between theory and experiment and physics and biology, he has
worked with biologists to provide the first experimental evidence
supporting a quantum-based compass in birds.<br />
He is currently an associate professor of physics and astronomy at
the University of California, Irvine. His work has received national and
international recognition, including awards from the Royal Institute of
Navigation (UK), Institute of Physics (UK), American Physical Society,
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and the Research Cooperation.<br />
<br />
Working with a variety of groups to construct and operate quantum
computers and quantum communication systems, <b>Seth Lloyd</b> is the first
person to develop a realizable model for quantum computation. His
research focuses on the role of information in complex systems and the
quantum mechanics of living systems (known as `quantum life’),
economics, and cosmology. <br />
Lloyd is the author of over a hundred scientific papers, including the publication <i>Programming the Universe</i>.
He is currently the professor of quantum-mechanical engineering at MIT
and the director of the W.M. Keck Center for Extreme Quantum Information
Theory.<br />
<br />
<b>Paul Davies</b> is a theoretical physicist, cosmologist, astrobiologist
and best-selling author. He is Regents’ Professor at Arizona State
University, where he directs the Beyond Center for Fundamental Concepts
in Science—a cosmic think tank that tackles the big questions of
existence, from the origin of the universe to the origin of life and the
nature of time. Davies also directs a National Cancer Institute
research program that studies cancer from a physics perspective. Among
his research accomplishments, he has helped explain how black holes
radiate energy, what caused the ripples in the cosmic afterglow of the
big bang, and why life on Earth may have come from Mars.<br />
Davies has written about 30 books, most recently <i>The Eerie Silence: Are We Alone in the Universe?</i>
His preoccupation with deep conceptual problems and his fearless
championing of bold new ideas earned Davies the epithet of “The
Disruptor” in a recent profile in Nature magazine. His many media
projects include presenting two six-part series on “The Big Questions”
for Australian television. He has received awards from The Royal Society
and the UK Institute of Physics, and also received the 1995 Templeton
Prize. In 2007 he was named a Member of the Order of Australia in the
Queen’s birthday honors list.
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-65696412035718033102012-06-05T09:00:00.000-07:002012-11-23T11:43:49.131-08:00Invisible hats and bent spacetime.<span class="hasCaption"><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120529182715.htm">Mathematicians can conjure matter waves inside an invisible hat</a> May 29, 2012<br /> </span><br /><img alt="" border="0" height="243" src="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2012/05/120529182715.jpg" width="300" /><br />
<span class="hasCaption"></span><br />
<br />
<i><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120529182715.htm">This graphic</a> shows a matter wave hitting a 'Schrodinger's hat'. The
intensity of the wave inside the device is magnified (red peak).
Outside, the incident plane waves wrap around the device and re-join on
the other side as if the device is not there. </i><i> </i>(Credit:<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show"> <a href="http://www.math.washington.edu/%7Egunther/">Gunther Uhlmann</a>, U. of Washington.</span></span>)<br />
<br />
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show">
<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility">Invisibility</a>,</b> the subject of magic, myth or imagination, is becoming
reality. Mathematicians and others
have been working on invisibility cloaks – perhaps
not yet concealing</span></span>
<a href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=envision-this-mathematicians-design-invisible-tunnel">
Harry Potter's invisible sleeve</a>, <span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show">or <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4968338.stm">Star Trek</a>, the mythical </span></span>Hermes/Perseus' helmet' <span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show"> but at least shielding small objects
from detection by microwaves or sound waves. It started 'by mistake' </span></span><a href="http://www.washington.edu/news/archive/id/29883">in 2003 with inverse problems</a> and breast cancer problems. The work is a type of inverse problem that uses measurements from the
surface of a body — say a human body, or the Earth — to deduce what's
inside. "<i>This was the opposite of what we were looking for,</i>" Uhlmann recalled.
"<i>We were trying to make invisible things visible, and not the opposite.</i>"
The group published its findings, including the mysterious case, in the
journal <i>Mathematics Research Letters. </i>See <a href="http://uwnews.org/uweek/article.aspx?id=29883">story</a> on the unexpected discovery.<br />
<br />
The very first prototype of a cloaking device has been made by
<a href="http://people.ee.duke.edu/%7Edrsmith/" target="_blank">David Smith</a>'s
group at Duke University.
<br />
<br />
<b>The first invisible cloaks were microstates. Carpet cloaks</b> were proposed by <a href="http://www.cmth.ph.ic.ac.uk/photonics/Newphotonics/">John Pendry</a>, as a way of extending the operating range. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1125907">Here</a> an prototype article from 2006. And <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulf_Leonhardt">Ulf Leonhardt</a>, also from 2006, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1126493">in Science</a>. Today there are many kinds of cloaks.<br />
<br />
To make an object literally vanish before a person's eyes, a cloak would
have to simultaneously interact with all of the wavelengths, or colors,
that make up light. The visual appearance of objects is determined by the extent to which
they modify light due to geometric scattering and material absorption.
Thus, in order to hide the object from being detected, the invisibility
cloak must conceal the changes to the light <b>in both geometry and
spectrum. </b>Conventional optical components rely on gradual phase shifts accumulated during light propagation to shape light beams. <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/%7Eulf/invisibility.html">Leonhardt</a> on invisibility: He gives more examples than these.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="color: #073763;">
<i>Why is light bent?
Light rays obey
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_principle" target="_blank">Fermat's Principle</a>
of the least optical path</i><i>.
The refractive index </i><i>n determines the
optical length;
distances in media with high </i><i>n appear longer to light
than distances in media with low </i><i>n.
When </i><i>n varies, light rays try to stay
as long as possible in regions of relatively low
refractive index.
In the mirage, light rays bend their paths to stay
longer in the hot thin air above the desert where </i><i>n is low.
</i></div>
<i style="color: #073763;">
Fermat's Principle also explains <b>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snellius" target="_blank">Snell</a>'s
law of
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" target="_blank">refraction</a></b>
(discovered by the Arabian scientist
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sahl" target="_blank">Ibn Sahl</a>
more than a millennium ago).
Refraction is familiar to everyone who has
tried to gauge directions underwater.
Imagine an angler sees a fish.
Is the fish where it appears to be?
No, because the water surface refracts the
light coming from the fish
(the sunlight reflected off the fish).
The image of the fish reaches the eye of the angler
at a different direction than the "line of sight".
The angler is misled, unless he has learned from experience.
Light is refracted at the water surface,
because the refractive index </i><i style="color: #073763;">n of air is smaller
than the refractive index of water and,
according to Fermat's Principle,
light tries to stay as long as possible in a region of low </i><i style="color: #073763;">n.
In media where </i><i><span style="color: #073763;">n gradually varies,
like in the desert air above the hot sand,
light is not refracted, but bent.</span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="color: #073763;">Another example is the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_flash" target="_blank">green flash</a>.
When the Sun is setting
the Sun's rays are bent in the atmosphere,
because the air is thinner at higher altitudes
and so the refractive index is lower there.
The light rays are bent in the opposite way to a mirage
(but for the same reason).
So, when the Sun appears to be setting, she has already set,
because of the light bending in the atmosphere.
The refractive index </i><i style="color: #073763;">n of air is larger for higher
frequencies of light; blue or green light is refracted
stronger than orange or red light,
so blue or green light is more strongly bent.
The blue light, however,
is scattered in the atmosphere,
coloring the sky blue,
due to
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_flash" target="_blank">Rayleigh scattering</a>
(conjectured by Alhazen of Basra
during the early eleventh century and by
Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1500).
Therefore,
the last light from the setting Sun is green
and appears as a green flash
when the atmospheric conditions are right.
</i></blockquote>
A new solution to the problem of invisibility based on the use of <b>
dielectric (nonconducting) anisotropic <a href="http://www.darpa.mil/dso/thrust/matdev/metamat.htm">metamaterials</a></b>. Our optical cloak not only
suggests that true invisibility materials are within reach, it also
represents a major step towards<b> transformation optics</b>.<br />
<br />
One system employs the natural <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">birefringence</a> of the <b>calcite</b>. In such materials the refraction of light depends on the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization" target="_blank">polarization</a>. Today also <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6078/205.abstract">graphene</a> has been used for achieving spatial patterns, which by manipulating the graphene also can be changed. "<i style="color: #073763;">by designing
and manipulating spatially inhomogeneous,
nonuniform conductivity patterns across a flake of graphene, one can
have this material
as a one-atom-thick platform for infrared
metamaterials and transformation optical devices. Varying the graphene
chemical
potential by using static electric field yields a
way to tune the graphene conductivity in the terahertz and infrared
frequencies.
Such degree of freedom provides the prospect of
having different “patches” with different conductivities on a single
flake
of graphene</i>."<br />
<br />
Leonhardt, cont. <br />
<br />
<img height="200" src="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/%7Eulf/invxfig1a.jpg" width="200" /><img height="200" src="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/%7Eulf/invxfig1b.jpg" width="200" /><br />
<div style="color: #073763;">
<i>Imagine the material appears to move the points of space to different locations:
it performs a coordinate transformation
from a virtual space (A) to physical space (B).
It creates the illusion that light flows through the empty virtual space (A),
whereas in reality it propagates in (B).
In physical space, one point of virtual space has been expanded to finite size.
As light would not notice a single point it flows around the expanded region
without any distortion.
So the interior of the expanded point is hidden
and the act of hiding is concealed.
In short, the material makes a cloaking device. An optical medium changes
the measure of distance perceived by light.
Suppose that the medium preserves the right angles
between light rays and wavefronts like the
Mercator Projection preserves the angles between
longitude and latitude.
In this case, the medium
could smoothly guide light without reflection.
In mathematics, maps that preserve angles are known as
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_map" target="_blank">conformal maps</a>
and their optical implementation
with an appropriate refractive-index profile is an
</i><i>Optical Conformal Mapping.
Most conformal maps require more then one sheet
to represent them, but rather several or even infinitely many,
sewn together at branch cuts between branch points.
Some generate mind-boggling
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_surface" target="_blank">Riemann surfaces</a>
like the one
that represents the tiling on the title page
of the book on
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_analysis" target="_blank">complex analysis</a>
shown below.
The picture beside the book shows the tiling
behind the scenes of the figure on light propagation.
Riemann surfaces have inspired some of
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.C._Escher" target="_blank">M.C. Escher</a>'s intriguing paintings.
Their many branches can be used to hide
regions of space, provided an
optical medium facilitates the mapping.<b>
If one has something to hide, one should hide it
on Riemann sheets.</b></i> <i>Light that has passed the branch cut to another sheet
of the optical Riemann surface will get stuck there
and never return</i>.</div>
<div style="color: #073763;">
<br /></div>
<img height="237" src="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/%7Eulf/invaf.jpg" width="157" /><br />
From <a href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/%7Eulf/invisibility.html">Leonhardts page</a>. Remarcable! Go to his page for more ref.<br />
<ol>
<li> U. Leonhardt,
<a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/rapidpdf/1126493?ijkey=afgHAtDOTcMj.&keytype=ref&siteid=sci" target="_blank">Optical Conformal Mapping</a>,
<i>Science Express</i>, May 25 (2006).
</li>
<li> U. Leonhardt,
<a href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1367-2630/8/7/118/njp6_7_118.html" target="_blank">Notes on Conformal Invisibility Devices</a>,
<i>New Journal of Physics</i> <b>8</b>, 118 (2006).
</li>
<li> A. Hendi, J. Henn, and U. Leonhardt,
<a href="http://xxx.arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0605637" target="_blank">Ambiguities in the Scattering Tomography
for Central Potentials</a>,
<i>Physical Review Letters</i> <b>97</b>, 073902 (2006).
</li>
<li> U. Leonhardt and T. G. Philbin,
<a href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/-search=59524531.4/1367-2630/8/10/247/njp6_10_247.html" target="_blank">General Relativity in Electrical Engineering</a>,
<i>New Journal of Physics</i> <b>8</b>, 247 (2006).
</li>
<li> T. Ochiai, U. Leonhardt, and J. C. Nacher,
A novel design of dielectric perfect invisibility devices,
<i> J. Math. Phys.</i> <b>49</b>, 032903 (2008).
</li>
<li> U. Leonhardt and T. Tyc,
<a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1166332?ijkey=AmRp24B6rB6O.&keytype=ref&siteid=sci" target="_blank">Broadband Invisibility by Non-Euclidean Cloaking</a>,
<i>Science Express</i>, November 20 (2008).
For downloading a free copy click
<a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/rapidpdf/1166332?ijkey=AmRp24B6rB6O.&keytype=ref&siteid=sci" target="_blank">here</a>.
</li>
</ol>
<br />
<a href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/44641"></a> <br />
<b>Macrostates hidden.</b><br />
Now they <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EM_spectrum.svg">electromagnetically</a> hide objects that can be seen with the naked eye and do so at
visible wavelengths, so called optical transformations. To build such a cloak you need a material that will bend the incoming
and outgoing light rays by different amounts — <b>determined by the
dimensions of the object underneath.</b> The cloaks are also relatively cheap and easy to
make, being constructed from the natural material as calcite, the refractive index of which depends on the relative orientation of an
incoming light wave’s polarization axis and the calcite’s optical axis. Calcite is perfect for the job because the speed at which polarized
light passes through it depends on the crystal's orientation. So by
sticking together<b> two pieces of crystal,</b> it is possible to create a
cloak that bends incoming and outgoing light by the desired amount. See <a href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/44641">Fooling an observer.</a><br />
<ul>
<li>See <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1012.2238">Macroscopic Invisibility Cloak for Visible Light </a>by <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/physics/1/au:+Zhang_B/0/1/0/all/0/1">Baile Zhang</a> (also<a href="http://web.mit.edu/smart/research/biosym/dir_biosym%20-%20Zhang%20Baile.html"> this</a>),
<a href="http://arxiv.org/find/physics/1/au:+Luo_Y/0/1/0/all/0/1">Yu Luo</a>,
<a href="http://arxiv.org/find/physics/1/au:+Liu_X/0/1/0/all/0/1">Xiaogang Liu</a>,
<a href="http://arxiv.org/find/physics/1/au:+Barbastathis_G/0/1/0/all/0/1">George Barbastathis</a> 2010, on the broad range of wavelengths visible to
the human eye, and<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1012.2783"> Macroscopic Invisibility Cloaking of Visible Light</a> by<a href="http://arxiv.org/find/physics/1/au:+Chen_X/0/1/0/all/0/1"> Xianzhong Chen</a>,
<a href="http://arxiv.org/find/physics/1/au:+Luo_Y/0/1/0/all/0/1">Yu Luo</a> et al. 2010. <i style="color: #0b5394;"> </i></li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="color: #0b5394;">All the invisibility cloaks demonstrated thus far, however, have relied on
nano- or micro-fabricated artificial composite materials with spatially varying
electromagnetic properties, which limit the size of the cloaked region to a few
wavelengths. Here we report realisation of a macroscopic volumetric
invisibility cloak constructed from natural birefringent crystals. The cloak
operates at visible frequencies <b>and is capable of hiding three-dimensional
objects of the scale of centimetres and millimetres.</b></i></blockquote>
From the work of Yu Luo et al. carpet
cloaks can be built from homogeneous – rather than more complex
inhomogeneous – materials, as long as those materials are <b>anisotropic</b>.<br />
<br />
These <b>orientations were fixed</b> such that lightwaves with a given
polarization that bounce off a wedge-shaped object placed underneath the
cloak emerge travelling in the same direction and at the same height
that they would have done had they bounced straight off the mirror
beneath the object. The wedge, having a base length, width and height of
38 mm, 10 mm and 2 mm respectively, can easily be seen with the naked
eye.
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://images.iop.org/objects/phw/news/thumb/15/1/1/cloak.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://images.iop.org/objects/phw/news/thumb/15/1/1/cloak.jpg" style="display: block; height: 189px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 399px;" /></a></div>
Whirlpools and invisibilities. A hole carved out of space–time, a pocket in reality, or a chicken crossing the road. Carpet cloaks
render covered objects invisible by bending light rays as they enter the
cloak and then when they exit it — after they have bounced off the
hidden object. The light is deviated in such a way that the rays seem to
have been reflected directly from the ground underneath the object — as
though the object was not there. Invisibility
of macroscopic objects is a reality at last, says <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101215/full/news.2010.678.html">a Nature article.</a><br />
<br />
Today they can also make cloaks <b> that flexes with temperature</b>. See <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1204.1209">Design of an optical reference cavity with low thermal noise and flexible thermal expansion properties.</a> And<b> <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6078/205.abstract">topological transitions</a></b> by manipulating the photonic environment and photonic density. They describe a transition in the topology of the iso-frequency surface from
a closed ellipsoid to an open hyperboloid by increased rates of spontaneous emission of emitters positioned near the metamaterial.<br />
<br />
<b>New
degrees of freedom</b> are attained by introducing abrupt phase changes over the scale of the wavelength. A two-dimensional array
of optical resonators with spatially varying
phase response and subwavelength separation can imprint such<a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/334/6054/333.abstract"> <b>phase discontinuities</b></a>
on propagating light as it traverses the
interface between two media. Anomalous reflection and refraction
phenomena are observed
in this regime in optically thin arrays of
metallic antennas on silicon with a linear phase variation along the
interface,
which are in excellent agreement with
generalized laws derived from Fermat’s principle<br />
<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101215/full/news.2010.678.html"></a><br />
<br />
<b><a href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/%7Eulf/invisibility.html">Another sytem</a></b> is
<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4968338.stm" target="_blank">anomalous localised resonance</a>.
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology" target="_blank">Stealth technology</a>
is designed to make objects
of military interest as black as possible to radar.
Here the first line of defence is to
reflect incoming radar waves off at odd angles.
<b>The waves that reach the object
are then absorbed without reflection</b>
using impedance matching.
They disappear without any echo detectable by radar. Perfect invisibility devices with isotropic media are proven to be
impossible due to the wave nature of light.
No illusion is perfect, or,
expressed in mathematical terms,
the inverse scattering problem for linear waves
in isotropic media has unique solutions.
But the imperfections of invisibility might be invisibly small.
Maybe the device would create a slight haze,
instead of a perfect image<br />
<br />
A group has built <b>a cylindrical
“invisibility cloak”</b> that shields objects from water waves by directing
those waves around the object as if it weren’t there. Wikipedia: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="color: #0b5394;">
<i>Janos Perczel, 22, an undergraduate student at St Andrews University
in Fife, has developed <b>an optical sphere</b> which could be used to create
an "invisibility cloak". He said that by slowing down light by way of an
optical illusion, the light can then be bent around an object to
"conceal" it. Attempts have already been made to create invisibility
cloaks but research shows that efforts are limited because any cloak
would only work within certain backgrounds. But by slowing down the rays
of light, Mr Perczel says the cloak wearer can move around
ever-changing backgrounds.</i> <br />
<i></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="color: #0b5394;">
<i>Mr Perczel, from Hungary, came up with the idea under the guidance of "invisibility expert" Professor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulf_Leonhardt" title="Ulf Leonhardt">Ulf Leonhardt</a> at the university's school of physics and astronomy. The
student recognised the potential of the invisible sphere and spent eight
months fine tuning his project. The key development lies in the ability
of the sphere, an optical device, to not only remain invisible itself
but to slow light.</i> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="color: #0b5394;">According to Prof Leonhardt, all optical illusions can slow down rays
of light and the sphere can be used to bend this illusion around an
object, reflecting off it and making it appear to be invisible. Mr
Perczel added: "When the light is bent it engulfs the object, much like
water covering a rock sitting in a river bed, and carries on its path,
making it seem as if nothing is there. Light however can only be sped up
to a speed faster than it would travel in space, under certain
conditions, and this restricts invisibility cloaks to work in a limited
part of the spectrum, essentially just one colour. This would be ideal
if somebody was planning to stand still in camouflage. However, the
moment they start to move, the scenery would begin to distort, revealing
the person under the cloak. By slowing all of the light down with an
invisible sphere, it does not need to be accelerated to such high speeds
and can therefore work in all parts of the spectrum." </span>See </i> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/breaking-news/offbeat/student-makes-invisibility-cloak-16034498.html" rel="nofollow">"Student makes 'invisibility cloak'"</a>. Belfast Telegraph. 9 August 2011.</span></span><span class="citation Journal"> Leonhardt, Ulf; Smith, David R (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/1367-2630/10/11/115019" rel="nofollow">"Focus on Cloaking and Transformation Optics"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Journal_of_Physics" title="New Journal of Physics">New Journal of Physics</a></i> <b>10</b> (11): 115019.</span></blockquote>
So, bending light can be illusory? That we have known for some time. Gravitational lenses use the same technique? They can even reveal hypothetical dark matter stars? See also wikipedia articles:<br />
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_cloak" title="Acoustic cloak">Acoustic cloak</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
</ul>
<br />
<b>Invisibility in 3D. </b><br />
<a class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/srep/2011/110901/srep00078/full/srep00078.html" rel="nofollow">Hiding a realistic object using <b>a broadband terahertz invisibility cloak</b></a> by Fan Zhou, Yongjun Bao, Wei Cao, Colin Stuart, Jianqiang Gu, Weili Zhang, and Cheng Sun. Scientific Reports 1 2011. Here <a href="http://www.kit.edu/visit/pi_2011_6866.php">Tolga Ergin</a>, <a href="http://www.fzk.de/fzk/idcplg?IdcService=KIT&lang=en">Karlsruhe Institute of Technology</a> in Germany<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8574923.stm"> popular in BBC</a>, based on the concept that <b>you can "transform space"</b> with a material. The carpet cloak was originally designed to work in two dimensions. There has been difficulties in fabricating cloaking devices that are optically large in all three dimensions. The Karlsruhe team used <b>a technique called laser writing</b> to create their 3-D
cloak. This uses a very finely focused laser, to "write" into a
light-sensitive material. <br />
"<i>Wherever you put the focus spot into
the material, it will harden," </i>explained Dr Ergin. <i>"It's a similar
process to photography - when you develop it, whatever hasn't been
exposed to the laser will be washed away." </i>Fan Zhou et al. <a href="http://www.nature.com/srep/2011/110901/srep00078/full/srep00078.html">in Nature</a> offers a technical feasible solution for designing and fabricating 3D THz transformation optics :<i> </i><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="color: #0b5394;">The first experimental demonstration of a 3D THz cloaking device
fabricated using a scalable Projection Microstereolithography process, is presented.
The cloak operates at a broad frequency range between 0.3 and 0.6 THz,
and is placed over an <span class="mb">α</span>-lactose monohydrate
absorber with rectangular shape. Characterized using angular-resolved
reflection THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS), the results indicate
that the THz invisibility cloak has successfully concealed both the
geometrical and spectroscopic signatures of the absorber, making it
undetectable to the observer.</i> </blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.nature.com/srep/2011/110901/srep00078/images_article/srep00078-f3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="http://www.nature.com/srep/2011/110901/srep00078/images_article/srep00078-f3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<i>Spectra </i><span class="legend"><i>maps of four experimental cases</i>. From the Nature paper.</span><br />
In this case, the researchers use the device to cloak a bump one micrometre (one thousandth of a millimetre) high. "<i>But
in theory there are no limits [to the size of the object you could
hide]"</i>, said Dr Ergin. <i>"You could blow this up and hide a house." </i>(I guess that is adressed to the fond money keepers?) <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="color: #073763;">
<div>
<i>"Photonic crystals usually work because the constitutive elements are
not visible to the wavelength by which one observes them," Professor
Hess explained. </i></div>
<div>
<i>"So if you look at the desk in front of you, you
don't see the individual atoms because they are so small. You just see
whole structure - the wood or the plastic." </i></div>
<div>
<i>This means that
cloaking devices for visible light would have to be made up of much
smaller rods. So for this technique, the laser beam would have to be
made even smaller. </i></div>
<div>
<i>Currently, the rods can be made as small as
200 nanometres. To hide a bump from visible light would require rods as
small as 10 nanometres. </i></div>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>J. Fischer, T. Ergin, and M. Wegener, “Three-dimensional
polarization-independent visible-frequency carpet invisibility cloak”,
Optics Letters, in press.</li>
</ul>
In 2010, Wegener and his team from KIT, Karlsruhe, presented their first <a href="http://www.kit.edu/visit/pi_2010_846.php">3D invisibility cloak</a>. In 2011, the effects of the Karlsruhe invisibility cloak are also visible to the bare eye. Pressrelease <a href="http://www.kit.edu/downloads/pi/PI_2011_077_engl_Karlsruhe_Invisibility_Cloak_Disappearing_Visibly.pdf">here</a>.<br />
<br />
<a class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/technology/050228_invisible_shield.html" rel="nofollow"><b>Plasmonic invisibility effects</b> </a><br />
Plasmon is<i> waves of
electrons in metals.</i> " ... may induce a dramatic drop in
the scattering cross-section, making the object nearly invisible to an observer," <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0502336">Achieving transparency with <b>plasmonic coatings</b></a>, by <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/cond-mat/1/au:+Alu_A/0/1/0/all/0/1">Andrea Alu</a>,
<a href="http://arxiv.org/find/cond-mat/1/au:+Engheta_N/0/1/0/all/0/1">Nader Engheta</a> 2005. You've seen cloaking technology at work on television, when blue backgrounds
are used to make a person invisible. A human could be made impossible to detect in
longer-wavelength radiation such as microwaves, but not from visible light.<b> A spaceship might be made transparent</b> to <b>radio waves</b> or some other long-wavelength
detector. Here we see
how a proper design of these lossless metamaterial covers near their plasma
resonance may induce a dramatic drop in the scattering cross section, making
the object nearly invisible to an observer.<br />
<br />
The earlier article: <a href="http://www.cmth.ph.ic.ac.uk/photonics/Newphotonics/pdf/lfplslet.pdf">Extremely Low Frequency Plasmons in Metallic Microstructures</a>, JB Pendry, I Youngs, AJ Holden and WJ Stewart, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 4773-6 (1996). <br />
<br />
<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1204.3975">Ultra-compact On-Chip Plasmonic Light Concentrator</a>, by<a href="http://arxiv.org/find/physics/1/au:+Luo_Y/0/1/0/all/0/1"> Ye Luo</a>,
<a href="http://arxiv.org/find/physics/1/au:+Chamanzar_M/0/1/0/all/0/1">Maysamreza Chamanzar</a>,
<a href="http://arxiv.org/find/physics/1/au:+Adibi_A/0/1/0/all/0/1">Ali Adibi, </a>18 Apr 2012 present<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="color: #0b5394;">
<i>a novel approach for achieving tightly concentrated optical field
by a hybrid photonic-plasmonic device in an integrated platform, which <b>is a
triangle-shaped metal taper mounted on top of a dielectric waveguide. This
device, which we call a plasmomic light concentrator (PLC), can achieve
side-coupling of light energy from the dielectric waveguide to the plasmonic
region and light focusing into the apex of the metal taper</b> (at the scale ~10nm)
at the same time. For demonstration, we numerically investigate a PLC, which is
a metal (Au) taper on a <b>dielectric (Si3N4)</b> waveguide at working wavelengths
around 800nm. We show that three major effects (mode beat, nanofocusing, and
weak resonance) interplay to generate this light concentration phenomenon and
govern the performance of the device. By coordinating these effects, the PLC
can be designed to be super compact while maintaining high efficiency over a
wide band. In particular, we demonstrate that under optimized size parameters
and wavelength <b>a field concentration factor (FCF),</b> which is the ratio of the
norm of the electric field at the apex over the average norm of the electric
field in the inputting waveguide, of about 13 can be achieved with the length
of the device less than 1um for a moderate tip radius 20nm. Moreover, we show
that a FCF of 5-10 is achievable over a wavelength range 700-1100nm when the
length of the device is further reduced to about 400nm.
</i></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<b>Cloak allows objects to move undetected, in hidden ways</b>. <br />
The
latest development, by <a href="http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/people/m.mccall">Martin McCall</a> et.al. might see cloaks
add yet another dimension to their capability:<b> time</b>, in <a href="http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/newsandeventspggrp/imperialcollege/newssummary/news_16-11-2010-9-5-43"><i>‘Space-time cloak’ to conceal events</i></a>, 2010<b>. </b><span class="inplacedisplayid1siteid0"><b><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b></span><span class="inplacedisplayid1siteid0">He has mathematically extended the idea of a cloak that conceals objects to one that conceals <i>events</i>.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="inplacedisplayid1siteid0"><b><span style="color: blue;">Scientists have developed a recipe for <i>manipulating the speed of light</i> as it passes over an object. WAU. Can that be true?</span></b></span><br />
McCall:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="color: #073763;">The idea is to
create<b> a tunnel through which an object could perform an action – move
or change shape, </b>f. ex. – while appearing as doing
nothing at all. The cloak could also find uses in <b>signal processing:</b> a
detector placed inside the cloak would be able to "pause" a signal
travelling through the wall while it first deals with a signal passing
through the tunnel. When the leading edge of a light wave hits the
cloak, the material is manipulated to speed up the light, but when the
trailing edge hits, the light is slowed down and delayed. "Between these
two parts of the light, there will be a temporal void — a space in
which there will be no illuminating light for a brief period of time,</i><span style="color: #073763;">"</span> </blockquote>
The
mathematics behind the invisibility cloak involves a geometric transform
– which takes a point, inflates it and renders anything that lies
inside the resulting bubble unreachable by the waves — true
for water waves just as for electromagnetic waves. <b>The object
functions just like a whirlpool,</b> and indeed generates the same solutions
to the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid dynamics as a whirlpool does. Tornadoes also move things in unexpected manners.<br />
<ul>
<li>McCall MW, Favaro A, Kinsler P, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3904639295706642486">et al</a>, <b>A spacetime cloak, or a history editor</b>, JOURNAL OF OPTICS, 2011, Vol:13, ISSN:2040-8978 (<a href="http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=000286457800005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=1ba7043ffcc86c417c072aa74d649202" target="_blank">publication</a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/13/2/024003" target="_blank">doi</a>) <i style="color: #073763;">The cloak works by locally manipulating the speed of light of an
initially uniform light distribution, whilst the light rays themselves
always follow straight paths. Any 'perfect' spacetime cloak would
necessarily rely upon the technology of electromagnetic metamaterials,
which has already been shown to be capable of deforming light in ways
hitherto unforeseen—to produce, for example, an electromagnetic object
cloak. Nevertheless, we show how it is possible to use
intensity-dependent refractive indices to construct an approximate STC,
an implementation that would enable the distinct signature of successful
event cloaking to be observed. Potential demonstrations include systems
that apparently violate quantum statistics,
'interrupt-without-interrupt' computation on convergent data channels
and the illusion of a Star Trek transporter.</i></li>
<li>McCall MW, Favaro A, Kinsler P, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3904639295706642486">et al</a>, <b>A spacetime cloak, or a history editor</b>, J OPT-UK, 2011, Vol:13, ISSN:2040-8978 (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/13/2/024003" target="_blank">doi</a>)</li>
</ul>
He also studies materials with <b>a<u> negative refractive indexes</u></b>.<br />
<ul>
<li>McCall MW, <b>What is negative refraction?</b>, JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS, 2009, Vol:56, Pages:1727-1740, ISSN:0950-0340 (<a href="http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=000272379700001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=1ba7043ffcc86c417c072aa74d649202" target="_blank">publication</a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340903324818" target="_blank">doi</a>) <i style="color: #073763;">We review various published definitions associated with the phenomenon
of <b>negative phase velocity propagation</b> of electromagnetic waves in
meta-media, as observed through negative refraction. </i></li>
<li>Kinsler P, Favaro A, McCall MW, <b>Four Poynting theorems</b>, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS, 2009, Vol:30, Pages:983-993, ISSN:0143-0807(<a href="http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=000269474700007&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=1ba7043ffcc86c417c072aa74d649202" target="_blank">publication</a> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/30/5/007" target="_blank">doi</a>)<i style="color: #073763;"> The Poynting vector is an invaluable tool for analysing electromagnetic
problems. However, even a rigorous stress–energy tensor approach can
still leave us with the question: is it best defined as <b>E</b> <b>×</b> <b>H</b> or as <b>D</b> <b>×</b> <b>B</b>? Typical electromagnetic treatments provide yet another perspective: they regard <b>E</b> <b>×</b> <b>B</b> as the appropriate definition, because <b>E</b> and <b>B</b>
are taken to be the fundamental electromagnetic fields. The astute
reader will even notice the fourth possible combination of fields, i.e. <b>D</b> <b>×</b> <b>H</b>.
Faced with this diverse selection, we have decided to treat each
possible flux vector on its merits, deriving its associated energy
continuity equation but applying minimal restrictions to the allowed
host media. We then discuss each form, and how it represents the
response of the medium. Finally, we derive a propagation equation for
each flux vector using a directional fields approach, a useful result
which enables further interpretation of each flux and its interaction
with the medium. </i></li>
<li><i style="color: #073763;">(</i><a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0143-0807/13/3/003" title="Eur. J. Phys., 13, 117">About Poynting's theorem</a>. the general question of the physical interpretation of Poynting's
theorem and compare two typical derivations of it. One of these uses the
work done on a charge by an external electromagnet field, while the
other considers the work done by the total field, external plus
self-field).</li>
</ul>
<div style="color: blue;">
<br />
<b>Wormholes and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_monopole">magnetic monopoles</a>?</b></div>
<b>Magnetic
monopoles </b>has not yet been found (only one record), but Joseph
Polchinski (2002) described the existence of monopoles as "one of the
safest bets that one can make". Monopoles are hypothetical particles
that display an odd form of magnetism. Can one end be hidden? As for the
hidden Higgs, dark matter, tachyons, gravitons etc.?<br />
<br />
Monopoles
first received theoretical support when the brilliant theoretical
physicist Paul Dirac showed mathematically that one possible reason for
the quantization of the electric charge (in other words, why electric
charge only occurs in integer amounts) is the existence of a
complementary magnetic particle with a quantized magnetic charge. This
put monopoles on fairly firm footing as far as quantum electrodynamics
was concerned. When magnetic monopoles began popping up in grand
unification theories as a consequence of the dissociation of
electromagnetism, the strong force and the weak force, they gained even
more adherents among theorists.<br />
<ul>
<li>A. Greenleaf, Y. Kurylev, M. Lassas, G. Uhlmann:
Electromagnetic wormholes and virtual magnetic monopoles from
metamaterials.
<i>Physical Review Letters</i> 99, 183901 (2007)
<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/math-ph/0703059">preprint</a>.</li>
<li>Claus Montonen and D. Olive, 1977. Magnetic monopoles as gauge particles? <a href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/422232/files/CM-P00061677.pdf">Cern</a>. </li>
</ul>
<br />
<b><u>Negative compressibility</u>:</b> Metamaterial would stretch when compressed, and vice versa, under any circumstances. <span class="inplacedisplayid4siteid0"><i style="color: #073763;">New materials with 'negative
compressibility': compress when they are pulled and expand
when they are pushed. Metamaterials that do this have been built
before. For example, vibrating aluminium bars with tiny cavities inside
them create waves that oppose the push or pull applied. But the designs
must be vibrated at just the right frequency to see the effect. Zachary
Nicolaou and Adilson Motter of Northwestern University in Evanston,
Illinois, have now designed a metamaterial that stretches when
compressed, and vice versa, under any circumstances. 'What is
interesting is that they study systems that are not responding to a
vibration but to a steady applied force,' </i>says <a href="http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/newsandeventspggrp/imperialcollege/naturalsciences/physics/newssummary/news_24-5-2012-12-1-44">John Pendry</a> of
Imperial College London.</span> <a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21839-impossible-material-would-stretch-when-compressed.html">NewScientist article</a>.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8lkb4vVHlosCn_cktsYRUJnjzMOQml3sD-BE-d8_8-VTae1Tq_Js1DObSsNMtZNhYcQzNxUdHXx6sxKPyGC3d-zBVNdv28GQELqaDbztwi5iWlMKBV9-D0f11Ql3zh14aOBZ_jfkkSfA/s1600/pulltocompress.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8lkb4vVHlosCn_cktsYRUJnjzMOQml3sD-BE-d8_8-VTae1Tq_Js1DObSsNMtZNhYcQzNxUdHXx6sxKPyGC3d-zBVNdv28GQELqaDbztwi5iWlMKBV9-D0f11Ql3zh14aOBZ_jfkkSfA/s320/pulltocompress.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<i>A metamaterial that stretches when compressed and contracts when
pulled could one day lead to materials that offer protection against
blasts. </i>From <a href="http://nextbigfuture.com/2012/05/mechanical-metamaterials-with-negative.html">Next Big Future</a> where more can be read about this.<i><br /></i><br />
<br />
Based on a Nature article; <a href="http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nmat3331.html">Mechanical metamaterials with negative compressibility transitions.</a> <i style="color: #073763;">These destabilizations <b>give rise to a stress-induced <a href="http://jim.or.jp/solid.html"><u>solid–solid phase transition </u></a>associated with a twisted hysteresis curve for the
stress–strain relationship.</b> The strain-driven counterpart of negative
compressibility transitions is a force amplification phenomenon, where
an increase in deformation induces a discontinuous increase in response
force. </i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<a href="http://www.cmth.ph.ic.ac.uk/photonics/Newphotonics/abstracts/news&views03.html">Positively Negative</a><i><span lang="EN-GB">, JB Pendry</span><span lang="EN-GB">, Nature ‘News and Views’</span></i><span lang="EN-GB"> <b>423 </b>22-23 (2003)</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB"> </span><img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> <b> </b><br />
<b>Negative refraction = light would refract the other way, through a negative angle. </b>a)<i> Light incident on a normal material refracts at a positive angle (blue), but in a negative-index material the refraction angle is negative (red). Negative refraction occurs only in specially engineered materials</i>. <i>The response of a material to electric and magnetic fields is characterized by its permittivity, e, and its permeability, m, respectively</i>.<br />
<br />
<i style="color: #073763;">It is easy to fabricate an artificial material with negative e using a lattice of thin metal wires. We then showed how to do the same thing for m: the required magnetic response was obtained from a lattice of metal ‘split rings’ that resonate with magnetic fields of a given frequency; the induced currents give a negative magnetic response. The third paper, by Smith and colleagues made the key advance. This team made a structure that combined these elements in a microwave experiment, the first demonstration of negative e and negative m in the same material. They went on to demonstrate negative refraction in their material.</i></div>
<br />
The search for
monopoles continues through experiments like the Monopole and Exotics
Detector, or MoEDAL experiment, at CERN. This monopole is a singularity
(a closed string?), but monopole could also be a duality with one pole
shielded? <span style="color: blue;"> <span style="color: black;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">The solid-solid phase transition <a href="http://jim.or.jp/solid.html">link</a> contain headings like</span> </span><i>Challenges of Paradigm Building for Solid-State Transformations </i> and<i> <b>Diffusional Transformations</b> </i>with<i> </i><i>Order-Disorder Transformations, phase separations and decomposition, magnetoresistence, time-resolvation, effect of pressure or strain on magnetic transitions etc.</i><b><i><br /></i></b><br />
<br />
<b style="color: blue;">A whirlpool or a wormhole?</b> See<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aharonov%E2%80%93Bohm_effect">The Aharonov-Bohm effect</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_string" title="Dirac string">Dirac string</a> </li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_phase" title="Berry phase">Berry phase</a></li>
</ul>
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show"> </span></span><br />
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show">The team </span></span><span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show">devised </span></span><span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show">in 2007 wormholes in which waves
disappear in one place and pop up somewhere else. </span></span><span class="caption">Rays travel through the wormhole and emerge on the other end.</span> "<a class="external-link" href="http://www.washington.edu/news/archive/id/50286">Invisibility research has led to discovery of 'wormholes'</a>" ,<br />
<br />
<img height="106" src="http://www.washington.edu/news/archive/images/20090604_pid50291_aid50286_worm1_w400.jpg" style="max-width: 350px;" width="200" /> <img height="163" src="http://www.washington.edu/news/archive/images/20090604_pid50292_aid50286_worm2_w400.jpg" style="max-width: 350px;" width="200" /><br />
<br />
Their
wormhole, named after the concept in general relativity, is a tunnel that
would make light waves seem to disappear in one place and reappear
somewhere else.
"<i>The idea is to create a tunnel of invisibility, a secret connection between two different points in space</i>," <span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show"> <a href="http://www.math.washington.edu/%7Egunther/">Gunther Uhlmann</a> </span></span>said.
It takes the invisibility concept from one
dimension to two dimensions.
"<b><i>The wormhole comes from blowing up a line.</i></b>" <br />
The wormhole discovery was covered in <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7174/full/451027a.html"><i>Nature</i></a>, <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=envision-this-mathematicians-design-invisible-tunnel"><i>Scientific American</i></a> and <a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/10/071023-invisible-wormholes.html"><i>National Geographic</i></a>.
<br />
<br />
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show"><br /></span></span>
<b><span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show">Back to the Schrödinger hat!</span></span></b><br />
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show">"Schrödinger's hat," refer to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat">Schrödinger's cat</a> in quantum mechanics. The name is also a nod to the ability to
<a href="http://matpitka.blogspot.fi/2012/05/universe-from-nothing.html">create something from what appears to be nothing</a>, with L. Krauss words. </span></span><br />
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show"></span></span><br />
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show"> </span></span><br />
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show"><a href="http://www.math.washington.edu/%7Egunther/">Gunther Uhlmann</a>, (also doing inverse problems) <a href="http://www.math.rochester.edu/people/faculty/allan/">Allan Greenleaf,</a> <a href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Mathematics/staff/YKurylev.html">Yaroslav Kurylev</a>, <b>and <a href="http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/%7Emjl/index.fi.html">Matti Lassas</a> at the University of Helsinki in
Finland</b>, all of whom are co-authors on the new paper. </span></span><br />
<ul>
<li>A. Greenleaf, Y. Kurylev, M. Lassas, G. Uhlmann:
Schrodinger's Hat: Electromagnetic, acoustic and quantum amplifiers via transformation optics.
Submitted PNAS, <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4685">preprint</a></li>
</ul>
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show">As a first application, the researchers propose
manipulating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_wave"><b>matter waves</b></a>, which are the mathematical description (also in reality?) of
particles in quantum mechanics. The researchers envision building a
quantum microscope that could capture quantum waves. A quantum microscope could, for example, be used to monitor
electronic processes on computer chips.</span></span><br />
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show"> </span></span> <br />
<a href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/jun/04/schroedingers-hat-could-spy-on-quantum-particles">The team</a> calls their modified invisibility cloak a Schrödinger's hat
because tiny "parts" of waves or wavefunctions <b>can be secretly stored,</b>
rather like a magician's hat, and detected. And the trick is that the
rest of the wave would be scarcely changed. Outside the Schrödinger's
hat the wavefunction would be "<i>the old wavefunction
multiplied by a constant, [which] may be very small</i>". iInvisibility cloaks can be understood
through an analogy with Einstein's general theory of relativity. This
theory shows how very massive objects distort the underlying fabric of
the universe, space–time. In the same way, certain man-made structures
known as metamaterials distort an equivalent fabric, a virtual "optical
space".<br />
<br />
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show">"<i>You can isolate
and magnify what you want to see, and make the rest invisible</i>," said Uhlmann. "<i>You
can <b>amplify</b> the waves tremendously. And although the wave has been
magnified a lot, you still cannot see what is happening inside the
container.</i>"</span></span><br />
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show">"<i>In some sense you
are doing something magical, because it looks like a particle is being
created. It's like pulling something out of your hat</i>," he said.</span></span><span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show"> Matter waves inside the hat can also be shrunk, but concealing very small objects "<i>is not so interesting</i>."</span></span><br />
<br />
<b style="color: blue;">The hat acting as invisible concentrators of
waves. </b><span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show">Compression! And expansion!</span></span><br />
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show"></span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show">Sounds like mind-matter? Is mind a wormhole?<br /> <br /> </span></span><span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show"> </span></span><br />
An artificial wormhole
would work only for electromagnetic waves with a specified frequency. The wormhole device is just an optical
device similar to a lens; <b>not similar to space-time
wormholes studied in general relativity,</b> they point out.<br />
<br />
The
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility" target="_blank">
invisibility cloaking</a>
means coating of an object with
a special metamaterial <b>so that light
goes around the object</b>. The existing invisibility cloak uses tiny copper wires embedded in fiberglass panels to manipulate incoming waves.; from <a href="http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/%7Emjl/invisibility_publications.html"> Invisibility cloaking and electromagnetic wormholes.</a><br />
<img height="219" hspace="50" src="http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/%7Emjl/lightrays1.jpg" vspace="20" width="320" /><br />
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show"> <br /> The team
helped develop the <a href="http://www.washington.edu/news/archive/id/29883">original mathematics</a> to formulate cloaks. </span></span><a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/124/1/012005">Maxwell's equations have transformation laws</a> that allow for design of
electromagnetic parameters that would steer light around a hidden
region, returning it to its original path on the far side. <span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show">As waves </span></span><span class="caption">hit the left side of the cloak they start to bend,
so that waves leaving the cloak on the right appear as if they had
never encountered an obstacle. </span> In a paper, they solve equations showing how to make
a cloak invisible to all incoming frequencies, including visible light.
They also calculate how to shield living, glowing or electrically
active objects. <br />
<br />
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show"> </span></span><img height="188" src="http://www.washington.edu/news/archive/images/20070125_pid29885_aid29883_invis_w400.jpg" style="max-width: 350px;" width="200" /><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show"> </span></span>"<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/math.AP/0611185">Full wave invisibility of active devices at all frequencies</a>" to the journal <i>Communications in Mathematical Physics.</i>
Coauthors are Allan Greenleaf at the University of Rochester, a
longtime collaborator; Matti Lassas at the Helsinki University of
Technology, a former post-doctoral researcher at UW; and Yaroslav
Kurylev at Loughborough University in the UK. <i style="color: #073763;">prove invisibility with respect to solutions of the Helmholtz and Maxwell’s equations, a singular transformation that pushes isotropic electromagnetic parameters forward into singular, anisotropic ones. We define the notion of finite energy solutions of the Helmholtz and Maxwell’s equations for such singular electromagnetic parameters, and study the behavior of the solutions on the entire domain, including the cloaked region and its boundary. Due to the singularity of the metric, one needs to work with weak solutions. Analyzing the behavior of such solutions inside the cloaked region, we show that, depending on the chosen construction, there appear new “hidden” boundary conditions at the surface separating the cloaked and uncloaked regions. We also consider the effect on invisibility of active devices inside the cloaked region, interpreted as collections of sources and sinks or internal currents. When these conditions are overdetermined, as happens for Maxwell’s equations, generic internal currents prevent the existence of finite energy solutions and invisibility is compromised...</i></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>A. Greenleaf, Y. Kurylev, M. Lassas, G. Uhlmann:
<a href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1742-6596/124/1/012005">Inverse problems, invisibility, and artificial wormholes</a>.
<i>Journal of Physics: Conference Series</i> 124 (2008), 012005 (23pp)
Proceedings of
AIP 2007 First International Congress of Inverse Problems
International Association. </li>
</ul>
The materials must be built at the nanoscale because they are
constructed to match the incoming waves. The longer the
wavelength the easier it is to build. That explains why the first
working cloak, immortalized in a <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja_fuZyHDuk" name="Invisibility demonstration from Duke University" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: #00fc7c; color: black;">YouTube</span> video</a>, hid a copper cylinder from microwaves with wavelengths more than a thousand times longer than those of visible light.<br />
<br />
A postdoctoral researcher working with Uhlmann, <a href="http://math.uncc.edu/%7Ehliu28/">Hongyu Liu</a>,
published a paper showing that a wall could be made to appear when there
is actually nothing there. Look for references on his page.<br />
<br />
"<i>It all comes from the same idea, making things
expand and contract, making things look different things than what they
really are."
</i><br />
<br />
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show">
<b>Acoustic Cloaks. </b><i><br /></i></span></span><br />
<span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show"><i>"From the experimental point of view, I think the most exciting thing
is how easy it seems to be to build materials for <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_cloak">acoustic cloaking</a>,</b>"
</i>Uhlmann said. Wavelengths for microwave, sound and quantum matter waves
are longer than light or electromagnetic waves, making it easier to
build the materials to cloak objects from observation using these
phenomena. </span></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span class="hasCaption"><span class="text_exposed_show"><a href="http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/464/2097/2411.full.pdf+html">Acoustic cloaking theory</a>, by A. Norris, </span></span><cite><abbr class="slug-jnl-abbrev" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences">Proc. R. Soc. A</abbr><span class="slug-pub-date" itemprop="datePublished">
8 September 2008
</span>
<span class="slug-vol">
vol. 464
</span><span class="slug-issue">
no. 2097
</span><span class="slug-pages">
2411-2434,
</span></cite>doi:
<span class="slug-doi" title="10.1098/rspa.2008.0076">10.1098/rspa.2008.0076
</span></li>
</ul>
<cite>
<abbr class="slug-jnl-abbrev" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences">
</abbr></cite><br />
<b><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110105152004.htm" target="_blank">Newly Developed Cloak Hides Underwater Objects from Sonar</a></b><span style="color: #666666;">,<span style="color: black;"> 2011</span>, </span> demonstrated an acoustic cloak, a technology that
renders underwater objects invisible to sonar and other ultrasound
waves, a working prototype developed of metamaterial. "<i>We are talking about controlling sound waves by bending and twisting them in a designer space,</i>" said Nicholas Fang. <a href="http://www.news.illinois.edu/news/11/0105sound_fang.html">Fang's team </a>designed a two-dimensional cylindrical cloak made of 16
concentric rings of acoustic circuits structured to guide sound waves.
Each ring has a different index of refraction, meaning that sound waves
vary their speed from the outer rings to the inner ones.
<br />
"<i>Basically what you are looking at is an array of <b>cavities that are
connected by channels</b>. The sound is going to propagate inside those
channels, and the cavities are designed to slow the waves down,</i>" Fang
said. "<i>As you go further inside the rings, sound waves gain faster and
faster speed.</i>" Since speeding up requires energy, the sound waves instead propagate
around the cloak's outer rings, guided by the channels in the circuits.
The specially structured acoustic circuits actually bend the sound waves
to wrap them around the outer layers of the cloak.<br />
<br />
<br />
<img alt="" border="0" height="248" src="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2011/01/110105152004.jpg" width="300" /><br />
<br />
The cloak offers acoustic invisibility to ultrasound waves from 40 to 80
KHz, although with modification could theoretically be tuned to cover
tens of megahertz. "<i>The geometry is not theoretically scaled with wavelengths. The nice
thing about the circuit element approach is that you can scale the
channels down while maintaining the same wave propagation technology</i>."<br />
<ul>
<li>Shu Zhang, Chunguang Xia, Nicholas Fang. <b>Broadband Acoustic Cloak for Ultrasound Waves</b>. <i>Physical Review Letters</i>, 2011; </li>
</ul>
<a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110920095255.htm">Acoustic Cloak: Closer to Achieving the Acoustic Undetectability of Objects</a>, later 2011. achieving what is known as "acoustic undetectability." It is a new
prototype two-dimensional acoustic cloak that can make sound waves with a
specific frequency reaching an object avoid it as if it was not there. The position of each cylinder in the cloak has been obtained by using
optimization techniques <b>based on genetic algorithms </b>(numerical
algorithms which mimic Darwinian evolution).
"<i>This research complements the contributions made by our group to the
problem of acoustic undetectability. Its novelty lies in the use of
genetic algorithms</i>," says José Sánchez-Dehesa. Sound waves of a specific frequency - 3061 Hz, <b>with a 100 Hz bandwidth</b> - maintain their original pattern, both as they go around the object
and past it.<br />
<ul>
<li>V. M. García-Chocano, L. Sanchis, A. Díaz-Rubio, J. Martínez-Pastor, F. Cervera, R. Llopis-Pontiveros, J. Sánchez-Dehesa. <b>Acoustic cloak for airborne sound by inverse design</b>. <i>Applied Physics Letters</i>, 2011; 99 (7): 074102 DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3623761" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">10.1063/1.3623761</a></li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>Diffusional transformations. </b><br />
'<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17518210">Thermal cloak' hides objects from heat'</a>, <a href="http://www.fresnel.fr/perso/guenneau/">Sebastien Guenneau</a>, et al. has proposed isolating or cloaking objects from sources of heat - essentially "<b>thermal cloaking</b>." An open-access journal <a href="http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-20-7-8207"><i>Optics Express</i></a>, taps into some of the same
principles as optical cloaking and may lead to novel ways to control
heat in electronics and, on an even larger scale, might someday prove
useful for spacecraft and solar technologies.<br />
Until now, he explains, cloaking research has revolved around
manipulating trajectories of waves. These include electromagnetic
(light), pressure (sound), elastodynamic (seismic), and hydrodynamic
(ocean) waves. The biggest difference in their study of heat, he points
out, is that the physical phenomenon involved is diffusion, not wave
propagation.<br />
<br />
<img alt="Colour diagram showing thermally cloaked region (Optics Express)" height="200" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/59312000/jpg/_59312080_59312079.jpg" width="200" /> <i><span style="width: 304px;">The thermally cloaked region is shown in the centre of this heat map.</span></i><br />
<br />
"<i>Heat isn't a wave - it simply diffuses from hot to cold regions</i>,"
Guenneau, Institut Fresnel in France, says. "<i>The mathematics and physics at play are much different.
For instance, a wave can travel long distances with little attenuation,
whereas temperature usually diffuses over smaller distances.</i>"<br />
To create their thermal invisibility cloak, Guenneau &co
applied the mathematics of transformation optics to equations for
thermal diffusion and discovered that their idea could work. The researchers propose a cloak made of 20 rings of material, each
with its own "diffusivity" - the degree to which it can transmit and
dissipate heat. "<i>We can design a cloak so that heat diffuses around an
invisibility region, which is then protected from heat, or we can force heat to concentrate in a small volume, which will then heat up very rapidly.</i>"<br />
<br />
This diffusion = wave was also found by <span class="addmd">Masao Nagasawa</span> in the <a href="http://www.google.fi/books?id=0IAVO9Xm7tsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=sv#v=onepage&q&f=false">Schrödinger Equations and Diffusion Theory</a>, 1993. Schrödingers wave equation can be used for diffusion.<br />
<br />
The approach is fundamentally different from temperature-changing cloaks
that heat and cool actively to mimic objects of different temperatures
and <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-14788009" title="Tanks test infrared invisibility">have proven to "hide" a tank</a>. <br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-20-7-8207">Transformation thermodynamics- cloaking and concentrating heat flux</a></li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>Quantum measurements.</b><br />
In order to avoid perturbation and the decoherence from the observation of position, indirect methods of measurement have been developed.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avshalom_Elitzur">Avshalom Elitzur</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Vaidman">Lev Vaidman</a> at Tel
Aviv University in Israel pointed 1993 out that it is not always necessary to
observe particles directly to learn something of their nature. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitzur%E2%80%93Vaidman_bomb_tester">The Elitzur-Vaidman bomb-tester</a> paradox says: A BOMB triggered by a single photon of light is a scary thought. If
such a thing existed in the classical world, you would never even be
aware of it. Any photon entering your eye to tell you about it would
already have set off the bomb, but you can also use quantum matter waves to detect a
light-triggered bomb with light (interferometer, where a photon will take both paths at once and produce an interference pattern), In Elitzur and Vaidman's thought experiment,
half the time there is a photon-triggered bomb blocking one path
(see diagram). Only the real photon can trigger the bomb, so if it
is the ghostly copy that gets blocked by the bomb, there is no
explosion. <br />
<ul>
<li>Elitzur A. C. and Vaidman L. (1993). Quantum mechanical interaction-free measurements. <i>Found. Phys.</i> <b>23</b>, 987-97. <a class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9305002" rel="nofollow">arxiv:hep-th/9305002</a></li>
<li><span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://nonlocal.com/quantum-d/v2/kbowden_03-15-97.html" rel="nofollow">Can Schrodinger's Cat Collapse the Wavefunction?</a>, Keith Bowden 1997</span></li>
<li><span class="reference-text">T</span>he <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renninger_negative-result_experiment" title="Renninger negative-result experiment">Renninger negative-result experiment,</a> see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius_Renninger">Mauritius Renninger</a></li>
</ul>
In 1995 Paul Kwiat, Anton Zeilinger et al. demonstrated in a real experiment that such <a href="http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v74/i24/p4763_1">"interaction-free" measurements</a> are indeed possible by repeatedly, but weakly, tests for the presence of the object, by bouncing
photons off mirrors. See Paul G. Kwiat, <a class="external text" href="http://physics.illinois.edu/people/kwiat/interaction-free-measurements.asp" rel="nofollow"><i>The Tao of Quantum Interrogation</i></a>, (2001).<br />
<br />
In 2000, Shuichiro Inoue, Gunnar Bjork and Jonas Söderholm of the Royal Institute of
Technology in Stockholm, Sweden, used a technique involving two weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensates, to show
that you could get an image of a piece of an object without shining
light on it. The concept of interference visibility can, and should, be generalized to describe weakly interacting multiply occupied coherent bosonic systems. There
were no radiation damage to the tissue because no X-rays actually
hit it. <a href="http://pra.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v62/i2/e023817">Visibility is not a good measure of a well-defined relative phase.</a><br />
<br />
The 'hat' may be an easier way to perform such measurements, see <a href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/jun/04/schroedingers-hat-could-spy-on-quantum-particles">the Schrödinger hat could spy on quantum particles</a>. In the 'wormhole' not all the light passes around – often, a small amount will leak in. If the inside of the cloak
had almost the same resonant frequency as that of the incoming light,
say Uhlmann and colleagues, that wave's energy would build up, forming a
localized excitation. <b>This excitation behaves much like a particle,
which the group has dubbed a "quasmon". </b>This quasmon could then be
released by making a slight alteration to the cloak's resonant
frequency, perhaps through the application of a weak magnetic field. A little like 'tasting' the environment,<i> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eavesdropping">eavesdrop</a> </i> , like computer viruses do?<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="color: #073763;">
<i>The potential of a Schrödinger's hat can be seen in the example of an
electron in a box. Although the electron's wavefunction is spread
throughout the box, a scientist may be able to guess the location of
areas where it drops to zero. That scientist could then position a
Schrödinger's hat at such a location, with no fear of the electron
"noticing" the sensor's presence and collapsing into a definite state.
If the experiment were to be repeated several times, the scientist might
be able to map out where the electron definitely is not – and in doing
so, learn something about where it actually is. </i></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="color: #073763;">
<i><a href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/%7Eulf/">Ulf Leonhardt</a>, at St
Andrews Univ. in the UK,</i><i> a member of Uhlmann's group,</i><i> says that a device that works for microwaves could
be made using circuit-board materials. A device for plasmons could be made from metal and plastic rings. He
thinks a Schrödinger hat could even be developed for sound – allowing
its users to eavesdrop on sound without disturbing it. </i></div>
</blockquote>
Leonhardt has shown us how to make <a href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2027413242598238803">artificial black holes</a>, a video about <a href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2009/Title,37205,en.html">Invisibility</a>, levitate objects and even make things disappear. See also<a href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/%7Eulf/perfectimaging.html"> Perfect imaging</a>,
<a href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/%7Eulf/fibre.html">Fibre-optical black holes</a>,
<a href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/%7Eulf/levitation.html">Quantum levitation</a>,
<a href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/%7Eulf/invisibility.html">Invisibility</a>,
<a href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/%7Eulf/catastrophe.html">Quantum catastrophes</a>
and
<a href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/%7Eulf/media.html">Light in moving media</a>.
<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com23tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-41544429290513770092012-05-23T22:53:00.000-07:002012-05-26T02:54:33.789-07:00The “metabolic mystery.”Dana foundation has a blogpost <a href="http://www.dana.org/news/features/detail.aspx?id=38376">The Brain’s Metabolic Mysteries</a> where she talks of the odd featre that 'less is more' regarding nutrients, <span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">what <a href="http://neuroscience.mssm.edu/mobbs/">Charles Mobbs</a> calls the “<i>metabolic mystery</i>”. He studies </span>the basic mechanisms by which hypothalamic neurons sense and regulate
metabolic state (including body weight and food intake), and how these
mechanisms are impaired in metabolic diseases and during aging. A
driving question of our laboratory is what may be called the metabolic
mystery. This refers to the fascinating phenomenon that obesity is a
risk factor for most age-related diseases and indeed for mortality, and
conversely dietary restriction appears to slow down the aging process
and extend maximum lifespan. <span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"> </span><br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">This has been shown so many times, also for plants, and is linked to immunity and health.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"> </span>Zhang M, Poplawski M, Yen K, Cheng H, Bloss E, Zhu X, <b>Mobbs CV</b>: <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000245">CBP and SATB-1 expression predict, and mediate effects of dietary restriction on, lifespan</a>. PLoS Biology (Submitted, final review), 2009.</li>
</ul>
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">More restrictive diets
result in a complicated (and counterintuitive) cascade of protective
effects, preventing aging-related diseases and ultimately prolonging
life. </span><span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">Fasting (intermittent, one day on, one day off, or even one day a week off food) and regular exercise may help promote optimal brain health in aging adults.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"><br /></span><br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">So food is not such a limiting factor for living, but quite the opposite? Mobb: </span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>almost all major pathologies are influenced by caloric intake, the
mechanisms underlying the metabolic mystery may be considered among the
most compelling in biomedical science. <b>Why would caloric intake should lead to diseases?</b></i><br />
<i>We have thus begun to define a "nutritional field" of neurons which
contain overlapping domains sensitive to different nutrients and which
regulate different aspects of metabolism. Of particular interest is that
the maximum overlap of these nutritional stimulation (e.g., glucose and
leptin) may occur within the POMC neurons, which we now believe play a
critical role in regulating metabolism. This is particularly interesting
because the POMC neurons are among the most sensitive to decline during
aging. </i></blockquote>
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_1452523264"><span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">Mark </span></a><span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v13/n3/abs/nrn3151.html">Mattson</a>. “<i>And what
we’re thinking, from the standpoint of evolution, is that animals living
in the wild, including our ancestors, often had to go extended time
periods without food. If you haven’t had food for a while, your mind
becomes more active—it has to become very active, to help you figure out
how to find food.</i>”</span><br />
<ul>
<li>Alexis M. Stranahan
&
Mark P. Mattson. <a href="http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v13/n3/full/nrn3151.html">Recruiting adaptive cellular stress responses for successful brain ageing</a><span class="journalname">. Nature Reviews Neuroscience </span><span class="journalnumber">13</span>, <span class="cite-pages">209-216</span> <span class="cite-month-year">(March 2012)</span><span class="doi"><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier"> doi</abbr>:10.1038/nrn3151</span></li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Normal ageing is accompanied by alterations in neuronal calcium handling
and changes in lipid peroxidation, leading to increased generation of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) and damage to mitochondria. These changes
are permissive or instructive for the suppression of adult neurogenesis
beginning in middle age. Successful ageing is characterized by the
implementation of alternative plasticity mechanisms to compensate for
changes in the local microenvironment. Age-related pathologies such as
Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease arise
from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, but each
disease shares a common feature in that age is a risk factor for disease
onset. In this respect, ageing sets the stage for the onset of
pathology.</i></blockquote>
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">"<i>Give bread and theatre to the masses</i>", said the Roman Emperors. The full stomach made people easier to handle. It is certainly valid today too. Never before has so many people been so overweighted. And we struggle to pay the health care bill. But very little money are directed to this research about the foundations of health.</span><br />
<br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"><b>Stress is good? </b></span><br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">Fasting is a challenge, a stress, so we get focus on the stress-proteins, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaperone_%28protein%29">chaperones</a>, enzyme-like proteins that assist in</span> folding or unfolding and the assembly or disassembly of other macromolecular structures.<b> That is energy-transfer, neutralizing energy by relaxation/compression? </b>Many chaperones are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shock_protein" title="Heat shock protein">heat shock proteins</a>, that is, proteins expressed in response to elevated temperatures or other cellular stresses. Stress makes more heat? Chaperones are membrane bound (ER) usually.<br />
<br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">Why is stress good? So many times we have heard it is only bad. But stress is about everything that makes us living,<b> the homeostasis</b> is governed by stress. Without stress we would be dead. The body also handles challenges by producing more stress, in the allostasis. So...</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"><br /></span><br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">That activity manifests itself in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroplasticity"><b>neuroplasticity</b></a>, says Mattson. Plasticity is flexibility due to more stress? More swing in the system?</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>The manner in which experience can influence the synaptic organization
of the brain is also the basis for a number of theories of brain
function including the general theory of mind and epistemology referred
to as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_Darwinism" title="Neural Darwinism">Neural Darwinism</a> and developed by immunologist Nobel laureate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a>.
The concept of neuroplasticity is also central to theories of memory
and learning that are associated with experience-driven alteration of
synaptic structure and function in studies of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">classical conditioning</a> in invertebrate animal models such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplysia" title="Aplysia">Aplysia</a>. This latter program of neuroscience research has emanated from the ground-breaking work of another Nobel laureate, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel.</a></i></blockquote>
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">Thinking (the talk cure) can change the brain, as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_on_meditation">meditation</a> too. Stress copying is the essential tool in handling stress. It sits between the ears, not in what you actually have to do, I often say.</span><br />
<br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">"</span><i>Perhaps we eat to get information, negentropic entanglement. This
explains why the metabolic energy must come from biomatter and we
cannot get it by putting plug in the wall!</i>", <a href="http://matpitka.blogspot.com/2012/05/dc-currents-of-becker-part-iii-are.html#c3972555089383600124">says</a> Matti Pitkänen. Folding and molecule sort and size, as instance? Eating as a 'sampling' of our environment?<br />
<br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">Linked to oxidative stress, says Mattson. </span><span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"> "<i>Those protective
effects result in the upregulation of brain-derived <b>neurotrophic factor</b>
(BDNF) as well as anti-oxidants, DNA-repair enzymes, and other gene
products that help promote plasticity and survival of neurons over time.</i>" BDNF is made on ER.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"><b>Exercise and caffeine</b> imroves the levels too. </span>In 2009, variants close to the BDNF gene were found to be associated with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>. Caffeine is linked to diabetics too (diminish the stress). And linked to many other (stressinduced?) diseases.<br />
<br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">Neurotrophin is also linked to<b> regeneration</b> (stem cells) and the <a href="http://ebookee.org/The-Body-Electric-Electromagnetism-and-the-Foundation-of-Life_237617.html">DC-fields</a> in our tissues, as explained by Robert Becker in his NEJ (</span>neural epidermic junction<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">) as a result of a 'signal of injury' and necessary for the healing process. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophin">Neurotrophins</a> may be the chemical analog? </span>They belong to a class of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_factors" title="Growth factors">growth factors</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocytosis" title="Exocytosis">secreted</a> proteins that <b>are capable of signaling </b>particular cells to survive, differentiate, or grow. They act on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trk_receptor">Trk-receptors</a>, a family of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Receptor tyrosine kinase">tyrosine kinases</a> that regulates <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_synapse" title="Chemical synapse">synaptic</a> strength and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_plasticity" title="Synaptic plasticity">plasticity.</a> The common <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligands" title="Ligands">ligands</a> of trk receptors are neurotrophins which are growth factors. Another receptor is p75, which affects the binding affinity and specificity of Trk receptor activation by neurotrophins. <br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor"><span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">Mechanism of action.</span></a><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"></span><i>BDNF binds at least two receptors on the surface of cells that are capable of responding to this growth factor, TrkB (pronounced "Track B") and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNGFR" title="LNGFR">LNGFR</a> (for </i><i>low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor, also known as p75).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid11399424_13-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor#cite_note-pmid11399424-13"></a></sup> It may also modulate the activity of various neurotransmitter receptors, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-7_nicotinic_receptor" title="Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor">Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid18495895_14-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor#cite_note-pmid18495895-14"></a></sup></i><br />
<i>TrkB
is a receptor tyrosine kinase (meaning it mediates its actions by
causing the addition of phosphate molecules on certain tyrosines in the
cell, activating cellular signaling). There are other related Trk
receptors, TrkA and TrkC. Also, there are other neurotrophic factors structurally related to BDNF: NGF (for Nerve Growth Factor), <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT-3" title="NT-3">NT-3</a> (for Neurotrophin-3) and NT-4 (for Neurotrophin-4). While TrkB is the primary receptor for BDNF and NT-4, TrkA is the receptor for NGF, and TrkC is the primary receptor for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT-3" title="NT-3">NT-3</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT-3" title="NT-3">NT-3</a> binds to TrkA and TrkB as well, but with less affinity (thus the caveat "primary receptor").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid11399424_13-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor#cite_note-pmid11399424-13"></a></sup></i><br />
<i>The other BDNF receptor, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P75" title="P75">p75</a>,
plays a somewhat less clear role. Some researchers have shown that the
p75NTR binds and serves as a "sink" for neurotrophins. Cells that
express both the p75NTR and the Trk receptors might, therefore, have a
greater activity, since they have a higher "microconcentration" of the
neurotrophin.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2008"></span></a></sup>
It has also been shown, however, that the p75NTR may signal a cell to
die via apoptosis; so, therefore, cells expressing the p75NTR in the
absence of Trk receptors may die rather than live in the presence of a
neurotrophin.</i></blockquote>
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3236008/">Neurotrophin and Trk receptors are linked to stochastic resonance</a>, which can be used as a therapeutics in treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases.</span><br />
<br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"></span>Then I read about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaperone_%28protein%29">chaperones</a>:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>The common perception that chaperones are concerned primarily with
protein folding is incorrect. The first protein to be called a chaperone
assists the assembly of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosome" title="Nucleosome">nucleosomes</a> from folded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone" title="Histone">histones</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and such assembly chaperones, especially in the nucleus, are concerned with the assembly of folded subunits into oligomeric structures.</i></blockquote>
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">And is also linked to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_limb">phantom limbs</a>, which</span> is strangely common, occurring in 60-80% of amputees. Treatment approaches have included <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">drugs</a> such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressants" title="Antidepressants">antidepressants</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a> stimulation, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">Vibration</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">therapy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">acupuncture</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">hypnosis</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">biofeedback</a>. Typical stochastic resonance theraphy? Phantom limb pain (rather than referred sensations) is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroplasticity">the perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization.</a><br />
<br />
Maps are topological and hierarchial microsystems of the body. <br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"><br /></span><br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">Well, now this gets interesting!</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"><br /></span><br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">Stress used as medicine? WOW. And stochastic resonance is linked to <b>tryptophan and serotonine</b>. Pain relief is linked to breakdown of serotonin. Tryptophan is outside the nerves, serotonine inside. Like a polarization, also linked to stochastic resonance.</span><br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"><br /></span><br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail">In fact acupuncture too works by inducing a strain on the tissue, we must achive damage or injury before we can get some emergency actions. Acupuncture effect is linked to <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/05/secret-behind-acupuncture-is-adenosine.html"><b>adenosine</b></a>. </span> <a href="http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nn.2562.html">Adenosine A1 receptors mediate local<b> anti-nociceptive</b> effects of acupuncture</a> by Nanna Goldman and collaborators. <i> </i><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>We found that adenosine, a neuromodulator with anti-nociceptive
properties, was released during acupuncture in mice and that its
anti-nociceptive actions required adenosine A1 receptor expression.
Direct injection of an adenosine A1 receptor agonist replicated the
analgesic effect of acupuncture. Inhibition of enzymes involved in
adenosine degradation potentiated the acupuncture-elicited increase in
adenosine, as well as its anti-nociceptive effect. These observations
indicate that adenosine mediates the effects of acupuncture and that
interfering with adenosine metabolism may prolong the clinical benefit
of acupuncture.</i> </blockquote>
This works against stress created by stochastic resonance. Acupuncture is balancing the homeostasis, as said by therapists. Is there a difference between outer and inner stress?<br />
<br />
Also, CNS and perifer nerves does not work in the same way, shown by <a href="http://www.morfosa.org/syntropi/alexander_presman.htm">Alexander Presman </a>with <span lang="EN-GB">
“Electromagnetic Fields and Life”</span> long ago (1970).<span lang="EN-GB"> From this
scientific angle Presman found that the seemingly contradictory results
started to make sense, and that the empirical data made up a rational
whole. </span> <span lang="EN-GB">The information
content of electromagnetic radiation is determined by its frequency,
frequency range, coherence, pulse form, polarization and modulation.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> The biological
effects of such kinds of electromagnetic fields will, according to
Presman, affect three different levels of biological organisation:
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB">1.<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span>Effects on the physiological regulation of vital functions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB">2.<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span>Effects on the transmission of biological information within the
organism and its internal regulation and co-ordination.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 53.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB">3.<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span>Effects on the interaction between living beings and in the
social interplay between them.</span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB"> (I have the book, here a link from Norwegian dr, Wilhelm Schelderup). </span><br />
<br />
In CNS endorphins are produced by acupuncture-stress-injury. Endorphins deactivates the brains pain-processing. Note that pain and pleasure centers are side by side in brain. So there needs to be just a shift? "Activation of brain areas involved in pain perception was significantly
reduced or modulated under acupuncture," <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101130100357.htm">Dr. Nina Theysohn</a> said in “<b>Acupuncture</b> Changes Brain's Perception and Processing of Pain”. During the fMRI sessions, scientists captured pictures of the brain
while patients were exposed to an external pain stimulus. The
interesting part? The obtained data revealed that significantly reduced
was not only the pain perception, but the patient's expectation of pain,
too.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2010/11/101130100357.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://images.sciencedaily.com/2010/11/101130100357.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<i>Functional magnetic resonance (fMR) images showing brain activity
during electrical pain stimulation at the left ankle. Parts of the
so-called "pain matrix" are activated: (a) primary somatosensory cortex
(S1), (b) right insula, (c) precuneus, (d) left insula. (Credit: Image
courtesy of <a href="http://www.rsna.org/">Radiological Society of North America</a>). </i><br />
<br />
fMRI was shown by Jie Tian to make <i>"a dynamic reconfiguration of complex neural networks." </i>in "<a href="http://www.rsna.org/Publications/rsnanews/March-2011/index.cfm"><i>Acupuncture Effects measured by fMRI</i></a>" p 8. <i>Earlier the focus in research was on acute effects, but the effects may peak long after the treatment is finished. So then the mechanism was missed? And the responses are functional, not spatial. Acupoints can have converging effects, as instance, that spatially overlap the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus or encoding center. The delayed correspondence between visual acupoints (GB37, BL60) - but not the non-visual acupoints (KI8) - and the intrinsic visual networks via the encoding center indicated a temporal-spatial encoding mechanism underlying the sustained effects of acupuncture, he said. Different resource distribution in spatial and temporal domains. Mars 2011.</i><br />
<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>Pain relief as a superposition or 'negative negentropy' (not entropy)? By growing fields that lay the pain-field in the 'shadow'?</b><br />
<br />
But DC-currents are not 'generated', Langevin showed the energy came
from the connective tissue that acts as a storage of energy in its
helical structure, just as DNA do.<br />
<br />
The
energy link is ATP/AMP/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor">adenosine receptors</a>, linked to stochastic noise.
Maybe the needles create noise by relaxing (=unwinding the helix) the tissue, the 'signal of injury', and that starts
ther process? So Becker and biochemists measure the same thing with
different tools? The energy is simply transferred to ATP from connective tissue? And ATP is quantal?<b><i> </i></b><br />
<b><i><br /></i></b><br />
Note also that pain and pleasure areas are side by side in brain,
modulated by N. trigeminus, as Antonio Damasio showed. It has a very strong
'field'. Mortons headache is the worst possible.</div>
<span style="font-weight: bold;"> <i> </i></span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">The link to <a href="http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/02656736.2011.627408">adaptation by stressproteins</a> makes the mechanism delayed, and incorporates the time-aspect.<i><br /></i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><i>Adenosine, a natural compound known for
its role in regulating sleep, for its effects on the heart, and for its
anti-inflammatory properties. But adenosine also acts as a natural
painkiller, becoming active in the skin after an injury to inhibit nerve
signals and ease pain in a way similar to lidocaine.</i></span><br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor">Wikipedia</a>: <i>In humans, there are four types of adenosine receptors. Each is
encoded by a separate gene and has different functions, although with
some overlap.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid17874974_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor#cite_note-pmid17874974-2"><span></span><span></span></a></sup> For instance, both A<sub>1</sub> receptors and A<sub>2A</sub> play roles in the heart, regulating <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial" title="Myocardial">myocardial</a> oxygen consumption and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary" title="Coronary">coronary</a> blood flow, while the A<sub>2A</sub> receptor also has broader anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid18160539_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor#cite_note-pmid18160539-3"><span></span><span></span></a></sup> These two receptors also have important roles in the brain,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid16806272_4-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor#cite_note-pmid16806272-4"><span></span><span></span></a></sup><b> regulating the release of other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid17572452_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor#cite_note-pmid17572452-5"><span></span><span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid17646043_6-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor#cite_note-pmid17646043-6"><span></span><span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid18537674_7-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor#cite_note-pmid18537674-7"><span></span><span></span></a></sup></b> while the A<sub>2B</sub> and A<sub>3</sub> receptors are located mainly peripherally and are involved in processes such as inflammation and immune responses.</i><br />
<i>Most older compounds acting on adenosine receptors are nonselective, with the endogenous agonist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">adenosine</a> being used in hospitals as treatment for severe <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a> (rapid heart beat),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid17408751_8-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor#cite_note-pmid17408751-8"><span></span><span></span></a></sup> and acting directly to slow the heart through action on all four adenosine receptors in heart tissue,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid17999026_9-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor#cite_note-pmid17999026-9"><span></span><span></span></a></sup> as well as producing a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a> effect through action on A<sub>1</sub> and A<sub>2A</sub> receptors in the brain. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">Xanthine</a> derivatives such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">theophylline</a> act as non-selective <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist_%28pharmacology%29" title="Antagonist (pharmacology)">antagonists</a> at A<sub>1</sub> and A<sub>2A</sub> receptors in both heart and brain and so have the opposite effect to adenosine, producing a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a> effect and rapid heart rate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid18088379_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor#cite_note-pmid18088379-10"><span></span><span></span></a></sup> These compounds also act as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiesterase_inhibitor" title="Phosphodiesterase inhibitor">phosphodiesterase inhibitors</a>, which produces additional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">anti-inflammatory</a> effects, and makes them medically useful for the treatment of conditions such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, but less suitable for use in scientific research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid17373584_11-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor#cite_note-pmid17373584-11"><span></span><span></span></a></sup></i><br />
<i>Newer adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists are much more
potent and subtype-selective, and have allowed extensive research into
the effects of blocking or stimulating the individual adenosine receptor
subtypes, which is now resulting in a new generation of more selective
drugs with many potential medical uses. Some of these compounds are
still derived from adenosine or from the xanthine family, but
researchers in this area have also discovered many selective adenosine
receptor ligands that are entirely structurally distinct, giving a wide
range of possible directions for future research.</i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_receptor#cite_note-pmid18181659-12"><span></span></a><br />
<a href="http://matpitka.blogspot.com/2012/05/dc-currents-of-becker-part-iii-are.html">On Mattis blog: </a><span style="font-weight: bold;"><i><br /></i></span><br />
<dl id="comments-block"><dd class="comment-body"><i>And I wonder if the nerve loop take a turn outside the body
too? It must get the information through communication. How would a
model look like where there is no definite boundary? I don't think of
the magnetic body now.</i><br />
<i><br /></i><br />
<i>Stochastic resonance (from outer world)
must be important. Take a locked-in patient with no dopamine and no
communication with outer world, nor her inner self.</i><br />
<br />
<i>This can be a big piece in the puzzle. Thanks for bringing my
attention here once again. Now the real happenings begins to be seen.
Endorphin acts by deactivating brain areas and modulating, through
intervention with the energy transport. But are the fields made bigger
(=erasing?), so they create superposition, and that's the mechanism of
modulation? Dopamine is the 'arousing' media (SR), creating oscillations
of energy and coherence or decoherence giving actions (connects to
outgoing loop?)? This is seen in the CREATION of disease? Serotonin is the pain-producing media (inner SR?)?</i></dd></dl>
See '<a href="http://tgdtheory.com/public_html/articles/DCbio.pdf">Quantum Model for the DC of Becker</a>'. <span style="font-weight: bold;"><i><br /></i></span><br />
<i></i><br />
<br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"><span class="ecxapple-style-span"><b>A stress-pill?</b></span></span><br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"><span class="ecxapple-style-span">Some
studies suggested that caloric restriction promoted good health - and
researchers have seen improved outcomes in animal models of Alzheimer’s
disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke and Huntington’s disease, <b>but </b></span></span><span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"><span class="ecxapple-style-span"><b>the intermittent fasting increases neurogenesis </b>while limited daily reduction in calories has very little effect, say Mattson. Ye, increasing the swung?</span></span><br />
<span id="ctl00_cColumn_NewsArticle1_lblDetail"><span class="ecxapple-style-span">Mobb:</span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>we have now shown that transgenic enhancement of neuronal POMC will
completely correct the diabetes and other impairments in genetically
obese mice. These studies have led to discovery of a new class of
anti-obesity drugs that we are now studying.</i></blockquote>
<a href="http://livinlavidalowcarb.com/blog/dr-charles-mobbs-diabetic-kidney-damage-can-actually-be-reversed-with-a-high-fat-low-carb-ketogenic-diet/10660"><b>Ketogenic diet</b></a> low.carb diet also reverse effects of high caloric diets? "<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0018604">We assessed if prolonged maintenance on a ketogenic diet would reverse nephropathy produced by diabetes"</a> .So much that medicines act exactly as ketogenic diet. And doctors that almost forbid the patients to eat ketogenic. "<i>Whether reduced glucose metabolism mediates the protective effects of the ketogenic diet remains to be determined.</i>" What is so special with carbohydrates and carbon as a foundation of life, is the automatic question? How can avoiding carbon give health? What about vegetarians, they are seldom fat? Mobb: <i> </i><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>We have discovered over 20 novel genes that regulate obesity in C. elegans and a transcriptional complex that mediates the
protective effects of dietary restriction to increase lifespan and
protect against age-related diseases, including Alzheimer-type pathology
and diabetic complications. Pharmacological activation of this pathway
increases lifespan and protects against neurodegenerative diseases, and
the same complex predicts lifespan and obesity in mice. We have now
also developed novel high-throughput methods to discover novel
anti-obesity and anti-diabetes drugs, and have discovered over 20 drugs
in each class so far.
</i></blockquote>
<ul>
<li> Mizuno TM, Bergen H, Funabashi T, Kleopoulos SP, Zhong YG, Bauman WA,
Mobbs CV. Obese gene expression: reduction by fasting and stimulation by
insulin and glucose in lean mice, and persistent elevation in acquired
(diet- induced) and genetic (yellow agouti) obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U
S A 1996; 93(8): 3434-3438.</li>
<li>Poplawski MM, Mastaitis JW, Isoda F, Grosjean F, Zheng
F, et al. (2011) Reversal of Diabetic Nephropathy by a Ketogenic Diet.
PLoS ONE 6(4):
e18604.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018604</li>
</ul>
Medicalisation of something completely natural? So the health care bill can grow! Why do we have to go this way? <i><a href="http://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/charles-v-mobbs">Physicians and scientists on the faculty of Mount Sinai School of Medicine often interact with pharmaceutical, device and biotechnology companies..</a>.</i><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15135942">Endorphins</a> gives also a stress-reaction. In Acupuncture and Endorphins, by <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Han%20JS%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=15135942">Han JS</a>. 2004:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Studies on the mechanisms of action have revealed that endogenous opioid
peptides in the central nervous system play an essential role in
mediating the analgesic effect of EA[electroacupuncture]. Further studies have shown that
different kinds of neuropeptides are released by EA with different
frequencies. For example, EA of 2 Hz accelerates the release of
enkephalin, beta-endorphin and endomorphin, while that of 100 Hz
selectively increases the release of dynorphin. A combination of the two
frequencies produces a simultaneous release of all four opioid
peptides, resulting in a maximal therapeutic effect.</i> </blockquote>
<a href="http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v13/n7/full/nn0710-783.html">Local activation of <b>adenosine A<sub>1</sub> receptors</b></a> by acupuncture needles in mice contributes to the anti-nociceptive effects of acupuncture. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Can different neuromodulators act as a cascade of frequencies, modulating our 'consciousness' through creation of flux tubes, in different ways (bigger/smaller). This we so often mix with our awareness of things and our intelligence. Intuition is also a form of intelligence?</span><br />
<br />
"<i><b>The efficiency of somatic energy metabolism is correlated with cognitive
change </b>over the lifespan. This relationship is bidirectional</i>", says Alexis Stranahan and Mark Mattson in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2011.01.004">Bidirectional metabolic regulation of neurocognitive function</a>.
<i>Cognition and metabolism are intertwined and interdependent. Exercise
and dietary energy restriction enhance cognition and improve
metabolism. <b> Diabetes induces memory deficits and impairs metabolism</b>.
Changes in immune function occur in metabolically enhanced or
compromised states. The metabolic spectrum regulates the onset and
extent of neuropathology.</i><br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_memory">Memory in the Body</a> is a reality? It is seen in so many therapies, and is a basic prediction of TGD. Note also that caffeine diminish stress, so memory is a form of stress-energy? Metabolism is important. Note also that the main purpose of the blood-brain barrier in the brain is to create different metabolism for the brain, AND different polarizations, as shown by Becker. This is the basis for our 'consciousness'?<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v13/n3/images/nrn3151-f2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v13/n3/images/nrn3151-f2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<i><a href="http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v13/n3/fig_tab/nrn3151_F2.html#figure-title">A typical glutamatergic neuron</a> in the hippocampus is depicted receiving
excitatory inputs (red) from neurons activated in response to exercise,
cognitive challenges and dietary energy restriction. <b>Examples of seven
different adaptive stress response signalling pathways that protect
neurons against degeneration and promote synaptic plasticity</b> are shown.
During exercise and cognitive challenges, postsynaptic receptors for
glutamate (<span class="b">a</span>,<span class="b">b</span>), serotonin (<span class="b">c</span>) and acetylcholine (<span class="b">d</span>)
are activated to <b>engage intracellular signalling cascades and
transcription factors that induce the expression of neuroprotective
proteins</b> including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),
mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) and anti-apoptotic proteins
(for example, BCL-2). BDNF promotes neuronal growth, in part, by
activating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Mild cellular stress
resulting from reduced energy substrates (<span class="b">e</span>) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (<span class="b">f</span>)
engages adaptive stress response pathways, including those that
upregulate antioxidant enzymes (AOEs) and protein chaperones. Release of
GABA from interneurons (<span class="b">g</span>) in response to
activity in excitatory circuits (as occurs during exercise and cognitive
challenges) hyperpolarizes excitatory neurons protecting them from Ca<sup>2+</sup>
overload and excitotoxicity. CaMKII, calcium/calmodulin kinase II;
CREB, cyclic AMP response element-binding protein; DAG, diacylglycerol;
FOXO3, forkhead box protein O3; HO1, haem oxygenase 1; HSF1, heat shock
factor 1; IP3 PKC, inositol-trisphosphate 3 protein kinase C; MnSOD,
manganese superoxide dismutase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; NQO1,
NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1; NRF2, nuclear regulatory factor 2;
Ph2E, phase 2 enzyme; PMRS, plasma membrane redox system; SIRT, sirtuin.</i><br />
<br />
But how many ways are there? We have five senses for input, or six, or seven, eight... if we also count the environmental input in stochastic resonance?<br />
And how many for outputs?<br />
<br />
PS. This text is still a bit premature, but I still want to publish it now. THIS IS GREAT NEWS.<br />
I will come back and update the text. Also with references. <br />
<ul class="authorGroup">
</ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-19738124968592029572012-05-19T06:37:00.000-07:002012-05-19T06:37:11.616-07:00Forest full of white flowers.It was a beautiful day in spring<br />
the birds were singing<br />
sun shining, warming the skin<br />
a little wind in the hair<br />
<br />
and I stood in the forest<br />
full of white, small flowers<br />
Oxalis acetosella, the little sour one,<br />
and I remembered another forest<br />
another time<br />
full of white flowers, Anemones,<br />
and my eyes were full of tears<br />
<br />
Why is it<br />
that when we have the chance<br />
we are not brave enough<br />
to jump on the wave?<br />
Though we know<br />
this security is an illusion<br />
and we can jump and feel in the stomach<br />
endless happiness, flying<br />
salvation.<br />
<br />
And I turn my face away<br />
and cry<br />
this beautiful day in may<br />
when the sun is shining<br />
and the birds are singing<br />
and the wind touches my face.<br />
<br />
I am here, now<br />
but my mind is somewhere else<br />
thinking its why and how<br />
old sorrows still not healed<br />
the lonely child in me<br />
the outsider<br />
cries.<br />
<br />
Will it help to heal the scars<br />
to scream and shout<br />
kick and hit <br />
if there is no way<br />
to ever not being alone?<br />
<br />
Alone is an illusion<br />
my therapist says<br />
ye, I know that<br />
but how tell the little child<br />
it should not bother being left alone<br />
to be chosen away, unwanted, unseen <br />
like something disgusting and awful<br />
<br />
There was never anyone<br />
there will never be someone<br />
so smile and be happy.<br />
<br />
Never think of what could be<br />
think of what is<br />
with small adorable white flowers<br />
the whole forest full <br />
sun that shines<br />
birds singing<br />
and wind in the hair<br />
warming you.<br />
<br />
A depressed one sees only the darkness<br />
a lonely one sees only the loneliness<br />
a deprived one sees only what is missing<br />
an unloved one seeks love only where there are no love<br />
an abused one hits itself again and again and again<br />
so without pardon, merciless<br />
<br />
Oh poor humans...<br />
<br />
I tried so very hard to forget<br />
leave it behind <br />
not gather those sour apples<br />
but instead the beautiful pearls<br />
of wisdom<br />
happiness<br />
light, the white and blessing one<br />
in my loneliness<br />
and it feels like I pretend.<br />
<br />
I would want to tell someone<br />
about the beauty and the light<br />
and the sorrow<br />
the forest full of white flowers<br />
salvation <br />
sharing makes the difference<br />
healing the soul.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-68960011097690866072012-05-19T01:00:00.002-07:002012-05-19T01:09:27.237-07:00A Flirt with Models in BiologyIn <a href="http://www.digitalbiologist.com/2012/05/biologists-flirt-with-models.html">Biologists flirt with Models</a>, says <span style="color: black;">The Digital Biologist</span> Gordon Webster, "<i>little seems to have changed beyond the fact that the crisis in the
pharmaceutical industry has deepened to the point that even the biggest
companies in the sector are starting to question whether their current
business model is sustainable</i>."<br />
<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>Correlation has failed, which is no surprice sinse it is a faked one. It gives more questions than answers. Now biologists hope for the modeling!</b></div>
<br />
<i>Modeling can provide the kind of intellectual frameworks needed to
transform data into knowledge, yet very few modeling methodologies
currently exist that are applicable to the large, complex systems of
interest to biologists.</i><br />
<br />
<i>The systems of interest to biologists tend to be far more refractory to modeling than the systems that are studied inphysics and chemistry. Living systems are more open, with feedbacks and feedforwards.</i><br />
<i>At the molecular level the fundamental processes that occur in living
systems can also be described in terms of physics and chemistry.
However, at the more macroscopic scales at which these systems can be
studied as “biological” entities, the researcher is confronted with an
enormous number of moving parts, a web of interactions of astronomical
complexity, significant heterogeneity between the many “copies” of the
system and a degree of stochasticity that challenges any intuitive
notion of how living systems function, let alone survive and thrive in
hostile environments. Biology is, in a word, messy.</i><br />
<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>Decoherent, says the physicists. Exactly what does this mean? Noncommutativity? Complexity is the problem, and how to create more coherent systems? Coherence and correlation are friends.</b></div>
<br />
<b>How master the complexity?</b><br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>A tsunami of data in genetics due to HUGO? Linked to cure for cancer, which is a symptom of decoherence? No, kidding?</b></div>
<br />
<i>Looking back over almost a decade since the first working draft of the
human genome was completed - while there have certainly been some
medical benefits from this work, I think it is fair to say that the
impact has not been on anything like the scale that was initially
anticipated, largely as a result of having underestimated how difficult
it is to translate such a large and complex body of data into real
knowledge. Even today, our understanding of the human genome remains far
from complete and the research to fill the gaps in our knowledge
continues apace. The as yet unfulfilled promise of genomics is also
reflected in the fact that many of the biotechnology companies that were
founded with the aim of commercializing its medical applications, have
disappeared almost as rapidly as they arose. This is not to say that the
Human Genome Project was in any way a failure - quite the opposite.</i><br />
<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b> Ye, to learn how little we know? That we really need a theory of biology, but how get a start? The complexity must be mastered?</b></div>
<br />
<i>The crucial lesson for biology however, is that as our capacity to make
scientific observations and measurements grows, the need to deal with
the complexity of the studied systems becomes more not less of an issue,
requiring the concomitant development of the means by which to
synthesize knowledge from the data. Real knowledge is much more than
just data - it does not come solely from our ability to make
measurements, but rather from the intellectual frameworks that we create
to organize the data and to reason with them.</i><br />
<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>So much, just to learn that? How much knowledge can we not gain by reinterpreting old results, but today we think the only way is by measuring and collecting more data. Piuh! Maybe we instead need fewer data? I cannot but admire old thinkers that came up with brilliant ideas formed out of fewer datas. The difficulty is how to solve out unnecessary measurements.</b></div>
<br />
<i>Scientists of all persuasions are (and always have been) modelers,
whether or not they recognize this fact or would actually apply the
label to themselves. All scientific concepts are essentially implicit
models since they are a description of things and not the things
themselves. The advancement of science has been largely founded upon the
relentless testing and improvement of these models, and their rejection
in the case where they fail as consistent descriptions of the world
that we observe through experimentation. As in other fields, implicit
models are in fact already prevalent in biology and are applied in the
daily research of even the most empirical of biologists.</i><br />
<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>One such implicit model is the genome. We take it for real. Usually we forget that the clue is the phenotype, as a result of Nature and Nurture, a blend of Self and Environment? And the soul? Life is a trinity, to make possible evolution and unknowns?</b></div>
<br />
<i>The successes that explicit modeling approaches have enjoyed in biology
tend to be confined to a rather limited set of circumstances in which
already established modeling methodologies are applicable. One example
is at the molecular level where the quantitative methods of physics and
chemistry can be successfully applied to <b>objects of relatively low
complexity</b>. Or applied to biological systems that exhibit behavior that can be captured by <b>the language of classical mathematics</b></i>. <i>Many if not most of the big questions in biology today deal with large,
complex systems that do not lend themselves readily to these kinds of
modeling approaches.</i> <br />
<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>No, because life is coherent and quantum-like? It is open systems, not classic ones. Environment is part of the organism.</b></div>
<br />
<i>How do cells make decisions based upon the information processed in cell
signaling networks? How does phenotype arise? How do co-expressing
networks of genes affect one another? These are the kinds of questions
for which the considerable expenditure of time, effort and resources to
collect the relevant data typically stands in stark contrast to the
relative paucity of models with which to organize and understand these
data."</i><br />
<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>Ye, exactly!<i> </i>The theory is wrong?</b></div>
<i><br /></i><br />
<i>If the data are measured carefully enough and can be weighted and
scaled meaningfully with respect to one another, parametric divergences
that can be detected between similar biological systems under differing
conditions may reveal important clues about the underlying biology as
well as identify the critical components in the system.</i> <br />
<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>But this is classic physics. Why do we get so different measures? Why do we have all these curves? The Gauss distribution? Because Life is fuzzy, shows uncertainty. It is more quantum-like?</b></div>
<br />
<i>Have given genomic and proteomic profiling, biomarker discovery and drug target identification, screening methods...</i><br />
<i>they do tend to compound the central problem alluded to earlier of
generating data without knowledge. Moreover, their limitations are now
starting to become apparent... drug companies has seen the approval rate of new drugs continue to fall
as levels of R&D investment soar. The field of biomarkers has also
seen a similar stagnation, despite years of significant investment in
correlative approaches. Cancer biomarkers are a prime example of this
stagnation. Since we don’t yet have a good handle on the subtle chains
of cause and effect that divert a cell down the path </i><br />
<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>No, because we have no universal theory for illness either.</b></div>
<br />
<i>We are forced to wait until there are obvious alarm bells ringing, signaling that something has already gone horribly wrong. To use an analogy from the behavioral sciences, broken glass and blood
on the streets are the "markers" of a riot already in progress but what
you really need for successful intervention are the early signs of
unrest in the crowd before any real damage is done.</i><br />
<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>So all our health industry is an emergency without plannings? And we just continue to pay the price?</b></div>
<i><br /></i><br />
<i>The lack of new approaches has also created a situation in which many of
the biomarkers in current use are years or even decades old and most of
them have not been substantially improved upon since their discovery</i>.<br />
<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>So we just live in an illusion of progress?</b></div>
<br />
<i>Given the general lack of useful mechanistic models or suitable
intellectual frameworks for managing biological complexity, the tendency
to fall back on phenomenology is easy to understand. Technology in the
laboratory continues to advance, and the temptation to simply measure
more data to try to get to where you need to be, grows ever stronger as
the barriers to doing so get lower and lower</i>.<br />
<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>So, we just close our eyes? Another just as important question is why do not the patients follow the advices they get? Why do they not bother about their own health? What can possibly be more important? Do we at all take the human in consideration in our health care? </b></div>
<div style="color: blue;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>What is it to be a human?</b></div>
<br />
<i>In effect what we have witnessed in biology over the last decade or so
is a secular movement away from approaches that deal with underlying
causation, in favor of approaches that emphasize correlation. However,
true to the famous universal law that <i>there’s no such thing as a free lunch</i>,
the price to be paid for avoiding biological complexity in this way is a
significant sacrifice with respect to knowledge about mechanism of
action in the system being studied. Any disquieting feeling in the
healthcare sector that it is probably a waste of time and money to
simply invest more heavily in current approaches is perhaps the result
of an uneasy acknowledgement that much of the low-hanging fruit has
already been picked and that any significant future progress will depend
upon a return to more mechanistic approaches to disease and medicine</i>. <br />
<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>Have we lost the battle, just because we refuse to handle with theory?</b></div>
<br />
<b>Biological models.</b><br />
<i>Biological modeling has to date tended to be almost exclusively the
realm of theoretical biology, but as platforms for generating and
testing hypotheses, models can also be an invaluable adjunct to
experimental work.</i><br />
<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>That is the simulation thechnique, and this should be obvious.</b></div>
<br />
<i>One misconception that is common amongst scientists who are relatively
new to modeling is that models need to be complete to be useful. Many
(arguably all) of the models that are currently accepted by the
scientific community are incomplete to some degree or other, but even an
incomplete model will often have great value as the best description
that we have to date of the phenomena that it describes.</i><br />
<br />
<i>Scientists have also learned to accept the incomplete and transient
nature of such models since it is recognized that they provide a
foundation upon which more accurate or even radically new (and hopefully
better) models can be arrived at<b> through the diligent application of
the scientific method</b>. Models can clearly have predictive value, even when they
diverge from experimental observations and appear to be “wrong”. </i><br />
<br />
<i>It is essential that the chosen modeling system be transparent and flexible. Transparency here refers to the ease with which the model can be read
and understood by the modeler (or a collaborator). Flexibility is a
measure of how easily the model can be modified. A model that is hard to read and understand is also difficult to modify
and, very importantly in this age of interconnectedness, difficult to
share with others. The importance of this last point cannot be
overstated since one of the most often ignored and underestimated
benefits of models is their utility as vehicles for collaboration and
communication. It is interesting to note that biological models based upon classical
mathematical approaches generally fall far short of these ideals with
respect to both transparency and flexibility.</i><br />
<br />
<i> In fact “biology” is essentially the term that we apply to <b>the complex,
dynamic behavior that results from the combinatorial [synergetic and coherent] expression </b>of their
myriad components. For this reason, models that can truly capture the
“biology” of these complex systems are also going to need to be dynamic
representations</i>.<br />
<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b>Ye, so why do we not then research the synergy and coherence? Why use classic math that focus on borders and decoherence, creating static pathway maps. </b></div>
<br />
<i>...the elements of causality and time are absent</i>...<br />
<br />
<i>An ideal modeling platform would offer a “Play” button on such maps,
allowing the biologist to set the system in motion and explore the its
dynamic properties.</i> <br />
<br />
But <i>the biology community in large part are unlikely to adopt modeling
approaches that require them to become either mathematicians or computer
scientists</i>...<br />
<br />
<b style="color: blue;">A movie, ye? </b><br />
<br />
<i>Finally, let us not forget that thanks to the internet, we live in an
era of connectivity that offers hitherto unimaginable possibilities for
communication and collaboration. The monster of biological complexity is
in all likelihood, too huge to ever be tamed by any single research
group or laboratory working in isolation and it is for this reason that
collaboration will be key. With knowledge and data distributed widely
throughout the global scientific community, a constellation of tiny
pieces of a colossal puzzle resides in the hands of many individual
researchers who now have the possibility to connect and to work together
as never before, and to assemble a richer and more complete picture of
the machinery of life than we have ever seen</i>. <br />
<br />
<b style="color: blue;">Ye, but the CV? The Big Ego? Can it be overrun? Again, what is it to be HUMAN?</b><br />
<b style="color: blue;">What happen the day we have 40 supercomputers, and the computers find out the humans are idiots?</b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-28601158590978259322012-05-06T10:44:00.000-07:002016-01-31T04:50:16.525-08:00The tunnel.This tunnel they see in NDE must be a wormhole?<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/A292PF-bseA?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe><br />Seems the video has expired?<br />
<br />
If we think it is, then humans must be a combination of two 'bodies', or a BEC? The love they talk of is an effect of the magnetic waves (I have experienced the wave, often, have seen the light :)). I have even been in the tunnel. I floated there on a wave. The wave is important. Usually we don't experience us as waves.<br />
<br />
Testimonials in the video: <br />
Life is an illusion, a game.<br />
And they traveled at the speed of thought. Ye, so she says.<br />
I was not in a body, I was in the hands of God.<br />
She was taken even before the creation, before Big Bang..<br />
I knew everything, I had no question, because I knew the answeres.<br />
I was crying, because there was no longer the light.<br />
I have a purpose to live.<br />
The only thing that is here is love, the only purpose.<br />
We are the heart of God.<br />
<br />
I guess I needed this today, now. I will take the big jump. <a href="http://www.eskesthai.com/2006/04/path-with-heart.html">Light as a feather</a>, as Plato says.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Assumption</b>: There is a Life after death.<br />
It cannot possibly be based on atoms and molecules of matter. So what distinguishes Life after death from Life before death? Only our illusions of matter?<br />
Most all religions believe that the body is just a shell for the soul until it is released when the body dies. <a href="http://www.unsolvedrealm.com/2011/06/15/through-the-wormhole-review-life-after-death/">Through the wormhole, blogpost.</a> Quantum Physics implies 3 states for the Universe. <b>Mind, Space, and
Time, and that neither of these can exist alone, but only together!</b> If
true, then there is a Universal Mind Set. Would this represent GOD?<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.unsolvedrealm.com/2011/05/17/stephen-hawking-there-is-no-heaven-its-a-fairy-story-science-the-guardian/" title="Stephen Hawking: ‘There is no heaven; it’s a fairy story’ | Science | The Guardian">Stephen Hawking: ‘There is no heaven; it’s a fairy story’ | Science | The Guardian</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.lifebeyonddeath.net/">Dr. Eben Alexander’s Website</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.skeptiko.com/154-neurosurgeon-dr-eben-alexander-near-death-experience/">Interview with Skeptikko.</a><br />
<b>Dr. Eben Alexander:</b> What I think is going to happen
is that science and spirituality, which will be mainly be an
acknowledgement of the profound nature of our consciousness, will grow
closer and closer together.<br />
<br />
One thing that we will have to let go of is this kind of addiction to
simplistic, primitive reductive materialism because there’s really no
way that I can see a reductive materialist model coming remotely in the
right ballpark to explain what we really know about consciousness now.<br />
<br />
Coming from a neurosurgeon who, before my coma, thought I was quite
certain how the brain and the mind interacted and it was clear to me
that there were many things I could do or see done on my patients and it
would eliminate consciousness. It was very clear in that realm that the
brain gives you consciousness and everything else and when the brain
dies there goes consciousness, soul, mind—it’s all gone. And it was
clear.<br />
Now, having been through my coma, I can tell you that’s exactly wrong
and that in fact the mind and consciousness are independent of the
brain. It’s very hard to explain that, certainly if you’re limiting
yourself to that reductive materialist view.<br />
<br />
A <a href="http://www.btci.org/bioethics/2012/videos2012/vid3.html">video </a>of Dr Alexander's presentation on his near-death experience at the BPTC Bioethics meeting in Madison, WI April 26, 2012. And <a href="http://science.discovery.com/videos/through-the-wormhole-2-near-death-experience.html">here </a>another. His book will be published this summer.<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.near-death.com/quantum.html">Quantum Mind of the NDE</a>,<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">lots of links.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0738204366/ref=nosim/neardeathcom-20">The Physics of Consciousness: The Quantum Mind and the Meaning of Life</a></span><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: small;"> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Evan Harris Walker.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It is all about time and light? </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://extraordinaryvisions.wordpress.com/2007/07/03/are-you-and-i-already-in-heaven/">Are you and I in heaven?</a> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span><i><b><span style="color: #993300;">“Take comfort! The Spirit and Heaven,
like God, are timeless and have no beginning and no end. Your father
has not gone to the present Heaven, but to the future Heaven! You and
your descendants, as well as your ancestors, are all there to greet
him!”</span></b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Update:</b> <i>It's all about Love</i>, is a common tale. Love is the highest negentropic bond/entanglement, usually experienced as light? And light is holographic, allknowing. Two molecules cannot interact or communicate without Love as entanglement? Can consciousness be separated from knowledge and cognition?<br />
<br />
So, how is it that we sim in a ocean of Love, and still feel such shortage of it that we are ready to kill? How terrible wrong and dictated by fear (shortage of Love) isn't our society?<br />
<br />
See Linus Paulings short text.<br />
<ul>
<li>Linus Pauling, 1940: <a href="http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/notes/1940a.5.html">The Nature of the intermolecular forces operative in biological processes</a>.</li>
</ul>
F. Jordan: The quantum-mechanical resonance would lead tp attraction between molecules containing identical groups and autocatalytic reproduction of molecules.<br />
If both molecules are in their lowest states the interaction is normal, but if one is excited we get a resonance phenomenon, The wavefunction is either the symmetric or antisymmetric combination of two functions, one representing molecule A normal and the other molecule B excited and the other the reverse. For one of these symmetry types there is a resonance stabilization and attraction between molecules, and for the other a repulsion. This is what Jordan said would induce a synthesis of a molecule similar to a molecule present in a cell (autocatalysis). This require a slight excitation, as instance thermal excitation, that raises the resonance.<br />
<br />
This is realized by homeostasis?<br />
<br />
A resonance between molecules can also be between different molecules, creating resonance integrals (waves). A water environment actually stops this kind of resonance interaction, he thought.<br />
Attractive forces vary inversely with the power of distance and maximum stability of a complex (as protein is) is achieved by bridging the molecules as close together as possible. The minimum distances are approached by the repulsive potentials, where complementarity is important. Also the stability of the complex of two molecules would be due to complementarity rather than identity. And we should model both these types of integrals.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-89361554880888995462012-05-05T14:36:00.002-07:002012-05-05T14:36:25.028-07:00Artificial synapses and brain?It's probably still going to be a while before autonomous, self-aware
androids are wandering amongst us. That scenario has come a little
closer to reality, however, with researchers from the University of
Southern California having created a functioning synapse circuit using
carbon nanotubes. An artificial version of the connections that allow
electrical impulses to pass between neurons in our brains, the circuit
could someday be one component of a synthetic brain.<br />
The <a href="http://viterbi.usc.edu/" target="_blank">USC Viterbi School of Engineering</a>
team was led by Professors Alice Parker and Chongwu Zhou. Parker has
been looking into the feasibility of creating a synthetic brain for the
past five years, as part of the BioRC Biomimetic Real-Time Cortex
project.<br />
The circuit itself consists of highly-aligned carbon nanotubes that
are grown on a quartz wafer, then transferred to a silicon substrate. It
mimics an actual synapse insofar as the waveforms that are sent to it,
and then successfully output from it, resemble biological waveforms in
shape, relative amplitudes and durations. In other words, it can take in
the type of impulses generated by real neurons, and send them on in a
form that could be further processed by other neurons - it can even vary
the strength of those impulses, much as real synapses do in a
biological process that is thought to facilitate learning.<br />
"This is a necessary first step in the process," said Parker. "We
wanted to answer the question: Can you build a circuit that would act
like a neuron? The next step is even more complex. How can we build
structures out of these circuits that mimic the neuron, and eventually
the function of the brain?"<br />
While Parker stated that synthetic brains are probably still decades
away, she believes that the technology could ultimately be used in
prosthetic nanotechnology for treating traumatic brain injuries, or for
designing intelligent systems that could be used to make cars safer,
among other applications.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Mpipg2W1bRVj2kh_JbW_4bnlnlRGznyDT8PNBd0vBjv-WujL_vybhyphenhyphenwcwtIsk5J_86aJVoprk7-W6UfrKGaJn5wlTOPlLuoc_NyU1Y1AIfGfpl3KJf0fXkyFtjcjEiYPFad47GJWyVw/s1600/artificialsynapse-2%5B1%5D.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Mpipg2W1bRVj2kh_JbW_4bnlnlRGznyDT8PNBd0vBjv-WujL_vybhyphenhyphenwcwtIsk5J_86aJVoprk7-W6UfrKGaJn5wlTOPlLuoc_NyU1Y1AIfGfpl3KJf0fXkyFtjcjEiYPFad47GJWyVw/s320/artificialsynapse-2%5B1%5D.PNG" width="320" /></a></div>
These nanotubes are a billionth of a meter in diameter, so the
transistors are quite small. The chance for lower power operation than
conventional electronics is certainly possible. This simple synapse is
only a single transistor but it would take more transistors to have
variability in neurotransmitter release and reuptake, and receptor
concentration, like our conventional synapses. And while we implement
mechanisms as fast as the neuroscientists report their understanding,
there are so many open questions, which makes all of this very exciting
and very much a small step towards an enormous goal. We're working on
memristors, variability and other issues you mention, as well. However,
implementing each mechanism or new technology in the laboratory takes a
significant investment in time and energy, so achieving synaptic
plasticity, for example, the next obvious step, is months away.
<img alt="comment" src="http://images.gizmag.com/layout/icons/comment.png" />
<span class="name">Alice Parker</span>
<span class="date">- May 4, 2011 </span><a href="http://www.gizmag.com/researchers-create-artificial-synapse/18482/">From Researchers create artificial synapses.</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-39444894482676301322012-05-05T14:27:00.000-07:002012-05-05T14:27:26.787-07:00Researchers may have discovered how memories are encoded in the brain.While it’s generally accepted that memories are stored somewhere,
somehow in our brains, the exact process has never been entirely
understood. Strengthened synaptic connections between neurons definitely
have something to do with it, although the synaptic membranes involved
are constantly degrading and being replaced – this seems to be somewhat
at odds with the fact that some memories can last for a person’s
lifetime. Now, a team of scientists believe that they may have figured
out what’s going on. Their findings could have huge implications for the
treatment of diseases such as Alzheimer's.<br />
Leading the study is Prof. Jack Tuszynski, a physicist from the
University of Alberta. Also taking part are his graduate student Travis
Craddock, and the University of Arizona’s Prof. Stuart Hameroff.<br />
The project was inspired by an outside research paper, that described
experiments in which memories were successfully erased from animals’
brains.<b> <em>That</em> study concluded that a specific protein
(calcium-calmodulin dependent kinase complex II, or CaMKII) played a
large role in the encoding and erasing of memories, by strengthening or
eliminating neural connections. </b>[<span style="color: blue;">a growing and reducing of flux tubes?]</span><b><br /></b><br />
Tuszynski and his colleagues noted that the geometry of the CaMKII
molecule was very similar to that of tubulin protein compounds. These
tubulins are contained within microtubule protein structures, which in
turn occupy the interiors of the brain’s neurons. They are particularly
concentrated in the neurons’ axons and dendrites, which are active in
the memory process.<br />
The scientists wanted to understand the interaction between CaMKII,
tubulin and microtubules, so based on 3D atomic-resolution structural
data for all three protein molecules, they developed highly-accurate
computer models. What they discovered was that the spatial dimensions
and geometry of the CaMKII and microtubule molecules allow them to fit
together. Furthermore, according to the models, the microtubules and
CaMKII molecules are capable of electrostatically attracting one
another, so that a binding process can occur between them.<br />
This process takes place within the neurons, <em>after</em> they have been synaptically connected, to (in some cases) permanently store memories.<br />
“This could open up amazing new possibilities of dealing with memory
loss problems, interfacing our brains with hybrid devices to augment and
'refresh' our memories,” said Tuszynski. “More importantly, it could
lead to new therapeutic and preventive ways of dealing with neurological
diseases such as Alzheimer's and dementia, whose incidence is growing
very rapidly these days.”<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
A paper on the research was recently published in the journal <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002421" target="_blank">PLoS Computational Biology</a>. Cytoskeletal Signaling: Is Memory Encoded in Microtubule Lattices by CaMKII Phosphorylation? <span rel="dc:creator"><span>Travis J. A. Craddock</span></span>, <span rel="dc:creator"><span>Jack A. Tuszynski</span></span>, <span rel="dc:creator"><span>Stuart Hameroff, mars 2012. Abstract: ..<i>.</i></span></span><i>In long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular and molecular model for memory, post-synaptic calcium ion (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) flux activates the hexagonal Ca<sup>2+</sup>-calmodulin
dependent kinase II (CaMKII), a dodacameric holoenzyme containing 2
hexagonal sets of 6 kinase domains. Each kinase domain can either
phosphorylate substrate proteins, or not (i.e. encoding one bit). Thus
each set of extended CaMKII kinases can potentially encode synaptic Ca<sup>2+</sup>
information via phosphorylation as ordered arrays of binary ‘bits’.
Candidate sites for CaMKII phosphorylation-encoded molecular memory
include microtubules (MTs), cylindrical organelles whose surfaces
represent a regular lattice with a pattern of hexagonal polymers of the
protein tubulin. Using molecular mechanics modeling and electrostatic
profiling, we find that spatial dimensions and geometry of the extended
CaMKII kinase domains precisely match those of MT hexagonal lattices.
This suggests sets of six CaMKII kinase domains phosphorylate hexagonal
MT lattice neighborhoods collectively, e.g. conveying synaptic
information as ordered arrays of six “bits”, and thus “bytes”, with 64
to 5,281 possible bit states per CaMKII-MT byte. Signaling and encoding
in MTs and other cytoskeletal structures offer rapid, robust solid-state
information processing which may reflect a general code for MT-based
memory and information processing within neurons and other eukaryotic
cells.</i></blockquote>
LTP is supported experimentally <em>in vitro</em> <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002421#pcbi.1002421-Lmo1">[2]</a>, <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002421#pcbi.1002421-Bliss1">[3]</a>, and may occur over many brain regions <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002421#pcbi.1002421-Clugnet1">[4]</a> as a common feature of excitatory synapses <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002421#pcbi.1002421-Malenka1">[5]</a>.<br />
<br />
Source: <a href="http://www.physics.ualberta.ca/Physics%20News/2012/03/Physicistsmayhavediscoveredhowthebrainencodesmemory.aspx" target="_blank">University of Alberta, </a><br />
http://www.gizmag.com/memory-storage-theory/21900/<br />
<br />
<br />
Note how well<a href="http://matpitka.blogspot.com/2012/03/proposal-for-microtubular-memory-code.html"> it suits TGD and its flux tubes</a>. The encoding is magnetic (spin) using negative/metabolic energy? See also <a href="http://matpitka.blogspot.com/2012/03/intelligent-neurons.html">Intelligent neurons</a>. The fundamental sensory qualia reside at the level of sensory receptors.The sensation of color<b> involves quantum entanglement of magnetic body, brain, and retina</b>. [<span style="color: blue;">and quantum measurements as qualia?</span>] Brain builds up symbolic representations by decomposing the sensory input to objects and giving them names. [<span style="color: blue;">categories, epigenetic tags that can be both intrinsic and extrinsic?</span>] Neuronal lipid layer serves as the analog of computer monitor screen [<span style="color: blue;">stochastic resonance makes the screen play?</span>] Neurons are conscious creatures able to co-operate because they have a
collective magnetic body controlling the neuron population, and can
therefore rapidly adapt in changing environment.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://matpitka.blogspot.com/2012/05/tgd-inspired-view-about-water-memory.html#c709868708435379033">ZEO</a>; the notion of magnetic body, braiding and reconnection; hierarchy
of Planck constants; etc..- explain the basic mechanisms of biology
and neuroscience extended to theory of consciousness.<br /><br />One can
apply these concepts directly to build models for various phenomena to
which we assign words like water memory, remote mental interactions,
paranormal phenomena. Standard biology and neuroscience are about
remote mental interactions between biological body and magnetic body.
There is no need for separate hypothesis. This is the point.<b> </b>The essential point is the interaction of magnetic bodies of operator
and water. The basic mechanism is reconnection of flux tube loops from
operator and water to a pair of flux tubes connecting these objects so
that cyclotron radiation propagating along them and causing effects can
propagate along this bridge and induce further interactions. <br /><br />Reconnection
is fundamental also in molecular scales and equally crucial for
understanding of bio-catalysis, the generation of qualia, the basic
mechanism of homeopathy, water memory, immune reaction, and evolution of
immune system at gene level. The notion of fractality becomes more than
a mere buzz word.<br /><br />The deep irony is that reconnection
represents the basic vertex of closed string model! String like objects
are key structures in TGD. String world sheets also emerge in finite
measurement resolution. And all is tightly connected with physics<br />
<a href="http://matpitka.blogspot.com/2012/05/tgd-inspired-view-about-water-memory.html">A concrete model </a>for the interaction would be in terms of the
reconnections of closed flux tubes emerging from the biological body of
subject person with the flux tubes of the magnetic body of water
creating direct flux tube contacts between the two bodies. The presence
of magnetic flux tube connections between water sample and operator's
magnetic and biological body would induce the effects on crystallization
of water. Water memory should be stable in human time scales. <b>This
requires that these flux tube patterns are rather stable modification of
the magnetic body of water. Large values of Planck constant assignable
to the magnetic body of human agent would be needed.</b> What is required
is that the crystallization patterns and therefore structures of water
clusters correlate with the structure of the magnetic body of the
water sample.<br />
<br />
<b>My comment</b>: One more stupid question, is a lightlike spacetime always entangled or
continuous? It should be (it is holistic?), but it must also be
descreate with different fields meeting, maybe with 'massgaps'? So it
both have symmetry and break the symmetry. This is made visible by
Feynmans diagrams and loops? Loops for creativity (the 3 body problem?)?<br /><br />About different kinds of memory, note the different kinds of consciousness too.<br />
<b>Mattis answer:</b> You cannot perceive a state which is superposition of states in which
Schrodinger's cat is dead and bottle of poison is open and
Schrodinger's cat is alive and bottle of poison closed. Mathematically
this kind of state makes complete sense but not at the level of sensory
experience. <br /><br />The basic property of sensory perception indeed is that it makes state classical by state function reduction.<br /><br />Automatic
consciousness is in TGD Universe a non-sensical notion. And also in
the real universe: when a performance requiring learning becomes
automatic it is not anymore a conscious performance. If there is still
consciousness, it is at lower levels of the hierarchy, not ours, where
things need not be automatic.<br /><br />This is a good example of how
prevailing theories of consciousness - in this case computationalism -
neglect even the most elementary facts about consciousness.<br />
<b>My comment</b>: What you say only is that measurements in sensing are classic
measurements. This was the problem I talked of earlier. Entanglement is
coming into the pic much earlier and are independent of measurements.
This is why they 'collapse' in the measurement. Or can we say the
sampling is only from a certain field that oscillate? Wrong 'sampling'
are sorted out.<br /><br />You also talk of the Big Book and Josephsons
currents as the back of the Book. Then Josephsons currents must be
interfering with the entangled fields (via Yang Mills and twistors,
knots?), Knots and Feynman diagrams, loops are very much the same as the
3 body problem, but in microscale?<br /><br />Note, homeostasis is always
negentropic in a low level. The lower the better. Allostasis is
equilibrium at higher negentropic levels and always indicate disturbed
balance. The Josephson junctions are also always at slight negentropic
state (groundstate of living matter). If they are allowed to relax
furter death (of self?) is a consequence. At lower entropic level are
the sheets wider, thus hbar grows?<br /><br />Also between sensing and
entanglements are a field of computations or braidings making all those
geometric figures, matrices and numbers? Matrices don't come by
themselves, they are possibilities. Those are sensed and analyzed
further, most are sorted out, then the perception first comes, and the
consciousness, which also contains much learned things. Intention and
Self is essential, yes, but only for things allowed to enter the 'flame'
in working memory. p-adics fields are linked here, making the 'flame'
in form of flux tubes, fusing the sheets?. My point is that there are so
much consciousness 'left over' in the body, not used to anything else
but memories. Hypnosis etc. can take these memories into consideration.
They are also seen in split brain patients.<br /><br />This must mean there
are different hierarchies of consciousness, beginning from almost
nothing, in kind of 'automatic consciousness' and built up into
awareness in working 'flame' where the cognition also is extracted. But
there must also be hierarchies in cognitions as there are hierarchies of
selves? Some sort? Consciousness is more like 'saved memories of
consciousness in the body/sense organs. The phospholylation-link is very
interesting here, as I have seen them as saved frequencies of some
kinds, or topological islands. Thoughts and emotions are 'rasing up from
the body' many times, say in walking. They need some energy to get into
awareness, either from your intention, meaning, emotional status, or
from the body itself. This is very much the meaning of pain.<br /><br />Also
the enzyme is interesting, linked to the same form in carbon and water.
What this means is a metabolic question? Oxygen and Nitrogen also need
to be there. Then you have the molecules of Life (and negentropy?).<br />
<b>Mattis answer</b>: <b> I am not saying that sensory perceptions are classical measurements. I
am saying that fundamental character of quantum measurements is that
they make the world to look classical. </b>When you measure whether
Schroedingers cat is dead ore alive, you find that it is dead or alive
but not both.<br /><br />Interference is possible for similar field
components: for instance, wave components representing electric field
propagating in same direction. Therefore<br />It does not make sense to
speak about interference of em fields and Josephson currents: it would
be like summing temperature and pressure. All this is difficult to
understand without appropriate mathematics but become totally trivial
when one has it.<br /><br />The basic problem is lack of common language.
Mathematics is extremely abstract, technical, and powerful language but
writing everything using formulas is not practical. Hence words like
interference, entanglement, coherence, etc.... These words provide a
loose higher level language. Unfortunately, this language is
misleading without the understanding of the lower level language based
on precise mathematical notions.<br />
<b>My comment:</b> Schrödinger cat is one particle only, but for the biological effects you
need the many-body state, and there you can have the dead and alive
state in total. After all humans are more dead than alive, usually.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.quantum-mind.co.uk/andrei-khrennikov-c452.html">Krennikov</a> (K) use the many minds approach. What are your thoughts about him? He don't
use p-adics as cognition medium, but he use p-adics in his theory. I
feel it is quite good, except the cognition. Quantum waves are
transmitting consciousness as superpositions, but how are they made
commutative for linear transmission? I like the basic idea, though. <br /><b>Mattis answer</b>: As a mathematician K has written a book about p-adic analysis. His
approach in this books is different from mine. K sees the number
theoretic constraints posed by p-adics as a hindrance and introduces
maximal algebraic extension of p-adics analogous to algebraic numbers.
For me these constraints are absolutely essential and evolution would
be generation of extensions of rationals and p-adics with increasing
dimension and algebraic complexity would correlate with evolutionary
level. One could talk about number theoretical quantization in this
framework.<br /><br />K has proposed a 2-adic model for neural networks in
brain. Tree like structures which branch again and again. Also some
ideas involving 4-adicity (4-adic numbers are not a field but ring) in
the case of DNA code. My own purely mathematical models of genetic code
have not led to any big insights whereas the dark matter inspired view
predicts all the basic numbers related to the code and even more. K
has also proposed a brain model involving notions assigned to
psychology. This is of course something out of question in Finland,
where independent thinking has been criminalized in academic circles.
In fact, I had the honor to serve as a referee of some articles of K;-)
. <br /><br />K has proposed a p-adic approach to the Bell inequalities.
The idea is that p-adic counterparts of classical probabilities might
allow to describe state function events which do not allow description
in terms of ordinary real probabilities. Experimentally these events are
observed and this means death of hidden variable theories aiming to
reduce quantum theory to classical physics.<b> Interference effects due
to the fact that quantum theory is in some sense (thermodynamic) square root of
probability theory, prevent the reduction to classical physics.</b> [<span style="color: blue;">This I cannot understand</span>]. I
am skeptic about the reduction to classical physics using p-adic
probabilities: it is too tricky. I however hasten to admit that during
first years of p-adics physics I also considered seriously some tricky
ideas inspired by p-adic mathematics.<br /><br />K has also discussed the
idea that brain performs quantum like processing without being quantal.
To me this looks quite too cautious and means losing the basic gift of
quantum theory: the possibility to get grasp on what consciousness is .
Using the phrase "quantum like" instead of "quantal" is probably wise
since academic survival poses very strong constraints on what one can
say. DNA as topological quantum computer is my own proposal for how
brain processes informations and builds memory representations using
braiding.<br />
<br />
<b><a href="http://matpitka.blogspot.com/2012/05/tgd-inspired-view-about-water-memory.html#c459513764088991190">My comment</a>:</b><br />
In biology there is a lot of guiding 'strings'. They can be interpreted
as environmental space/diamond and self-space/diamond meeting? The role
of water in biology is a bit problematic. Usually it creates symmetry
breakings.<br /><br />Look, <a href="http://phys.org/news/2012-05-smallest-scale-liquid-crystal-behavior.html%20">self-organized liquid chrystals</a>, in experiments with data screen materials, showing both stability/continuity and change/discreateness. This example from classical world. Compare <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVBEwn6iWOo">G.Pollack</a> <br />
<a href="http://matpitka.blogspot.com/2012/05/tgd-inspired-view-about-water-memory.html#c2035143673221663926"><b>Mattis answer:</b></a> Magnetic flux tubes are indeed string like objects and they define the
basic correlate for attention. Directing attention to an object of
external world means formation of flux tubes connecting perceiver to
the object.<br /><br />Negentropic entanglement accompanies attention and
qualia prevail as long as this attention continues. Note the
resemblance with Orch Or and with active information of Bohm: attention
is the activity. <br /><br />The test would be finding whether (for
instance) visual attention implies that "intentional imprinting" in the
object of attention. This relates directly also to the proposed
mechanism of remote mental interactions. <br /><br />Question: is attention
symmetric. Does external world attend us too? Answer: during attention
there is no perceiver and perceived, only perception. As K says.<br /><br />In
the case of hearing our ability to tell whether the sound comes from
external world or not is a mystery if one believes that qualia are
product of neural activity. The flux tube model would assign also to
hearing flux tubes which are attached to some object oscillating with
the sound wave. Even molecules of air.<br /><br />How it is possible to
identify the sound source "correctly" if anything that oscillates with
sound wave can serve as target of attention? <br /><br />Answer: Both ears
are needed to identify the target in direction in which intensity is
maximal. I remember when my father lost hearing ability from his second
ear. He had very grave difficulties to decide which was the direction
where sound arrived.<br />
<br />
"<a href="http://www.news.wisc.edu/20630%20"><i>As you lower the temperature the liquid crystal starts to become organized and imprints that order into the surfactant itself, causing it to self assemble.</i></a>" What is this if not
'memory'?<br /><br />Stereovision and stereohearing, ye. In my model
serotonin is linked to attention too. This is maybe also why we need to
discuss, to get some confirmation?<br /><br />My thought is: <b>What happen to the second law? </b><br />
<b>Mattis answer</b>: One could argue that entropy is generated at ensemble level when the
period of negentropic entanglement ends with ordinary state function
reduction accompanied by the splitting of flux tubes between observer
and observed and attention therefore ceases. <br /><br />One can however
argue that NMP requires maximization of negentropy gain in quantum jump
and this requires compensating negentropy gain elsewhere so that
pessimistic form of second law need not hold true. I am unable to
decide whether I should be pessimist or optimist;-).<br />
<br />
<a href="http://matpitka.blogspot.com/2012/05/tgd-inspired-view-about-water-memory.html#c6969628609949943007">INTENTION</a> is the reason? What does this make with the observer-effect?
Intention is prior to the measurement. Can intention be seen as a
morphic field? <br />
<br />
Add: <br />
<i style="color: blue;"><b>What is light? Classic or quantal? The 'particle' of light is a (holistic) photon. It interferes with an electron, that also isn't descreate? It doesn't interfere with protons? But something must dictate how the atom grows, and the interference between electrons, protons and neutrons. The outcome of lightlike space is particles? </b></i><br />
<br />
<a href="http://matpitka.blogspot.com/2012/05/new-blow-against-standard-view-about.html#c845477487764529331"><span class="anon-comment-author">Orwin</span></a> said...
<br />
I think one must accept that attention is a focus within
consciousness, so it appears at submanifold level. arXiv:hep-th/000109:
non-linear analysis suited to organic oscillators (Winfree stc.). <br /><br />Here's
night vision, day vision & effort/error load: arXiv:0907.4882v1:
Tolman's Luminosity-Distance, Poincare's Light-Distance and
Cayley-Klein's Hyperbolic Distance, Yves Pierseaux<br /><br />And a trig lead on the cone problem: arXiv:0806.2789 : Chromogeometry and relativistic conics, N. J. Wildberger<br /><br />I think the quadric of general trig carries to the Kahler metric.<br />
<br />
<b>Will I ever learn this?</b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-48177315881829540822012-05-05T10:36:00.001-07:002012-05-06T01:14:15.761-07:00Life is part of the environment.Understanding how living organisms survive in an organized state <b>despite</b> the second law, is a common statement. But is this specific to life alone? Earth is highly differentiated, also into highly structured and ordered forms, and also form these forms. <a href="http://www.its.caltech.edu/%7Eatomic/snowcrystals/">Snowflakes</a> can have over 5000 fractal structural <a href="http://www.i-sis.org.uk/water4.php">chrystal forms</a>, (<a href="http://polymer.bu.edu/hes/articles/s92.pdf">dendritic growth patterns</a>,<a href="http://www.ams.org/notices/200504/fea-adam-3.pdf"> here a review</a>), etc. Exchanges of energy with the environment constantly produce large amounts of entropy, to maintain the self-organized structure, negentropy, in Life. We say that Life creates entropy, in that way helping the second law, but is that exactly what happens? What about the snowflakes? The time-aspect? The stability expressed as recreation?<br />
<br />
The integration of the organism and the biosphere is important for 'What is Life' and how living matter differ from ordinary matter. Life is generally said to be an open thermodynamic system, and so thermodynamic principles should not be able to use, because in open systems we get no stable, final equilibrium state. In spite of this fact there are suggestions how thermodynamics could work in living, open systems (non-equilibrium thermodynamics) using also physical descriptions as entanglement, formations of clusters etc..<a href="http://books.google.fi/books?id=arnEN-fHWW8C&pg=PA150&lpg=PA150&dq=epigenetics+Stochastic+resonance&source=bl&ots=CS42oFlRq5&sig=X9kdqZOfyD2JaEuJLgRZVEO_Vq4&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=ziWcT96eAcSD4gSwoJCqDg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=epigenetics%20Stochastic%20resonance&f=false">Clusters and networks are the same kind of phenomenon</a>.
In what degree ordinary matter is a closed system, and whether Universe is closed or not has also been debated. In fact we have difficulties telling exactly ‘What is Matter’, also considering it make up only about 5% of total matter, where most matter is non-interactive dark matter and (dark) energy. If it is so, but the calculations are more and more exact, so today we have no reason to doubt this?<br />
<br />
Open systems mean that we must include interference from environment, which includes environmental and also social aspects, biometeorology,
geomedicine, chronobiology, psychosomatics, consciousness, homeopathy,
acupuncture, yoga, meditation, transpersonal psychology, suggests<a href="http://www.dejanrakovicfund.org/papers/2009-MED-DATA-REV.pdf"> D.Rakovic 2009</a>.<br />
<br />
It is not only energy that flows through living matter-systems, also ordinary matter do, and especially carbon as CO2 in/out (carbon interference) and competition between N and C in metabolic chains, expressing space changes and perturbations (the ‘real’ structure formation). Life is based on carbon. But there is also some kind of Silicon based life seen in diatomeers, plants ex.<br />
<br />
This open system is easily realized in epigenetics, as markers from environment, the Nurture-aspect, and a pool of freely exchangeable genes (transposons and <a href="http://www.i-sis.org.uk/circulatingNucleicAcids.php">circulating</a> nucleotides and DNA islands as ALU or CGislands) and DNA (the Nature-aspect or analog for ‘Self’) between individual organisms. <b>Nucleic acid trafficking</b> may be involved
in intercellular signalling during development, in epigenetic remodelling,
tissue regeneration and fine tuning of the adaptive immune system. It may
also be involved in cancer development and immune surveillance.<b> </b><a href="http://www.i-sis.org.uk/rewritingGeneticText.php">Also rewrite the genetic text in brain developement using tunneling nanotubes?</a><b> DNA-trafficking</b> or <a href="http://www.i-sis.org.uk/circulatingNucleicAcids.php">horizontal transfer of DNA</a> may be important during tumour progression. The <a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_663697294">hidden Markov Models</a><a href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-417-introduction-to-computational-molecular-biology-fall-2004/lecture-notes/lecture_17.pdf"> </a>are such an model approach, using the CG-island signal.<br />
<br />
Perineural nets as stabilizers and barriers of/to the extracellular environment and neurons are another couple. The neuronal activity (but not GA-activity) forms PN-sheets. Epigenetic markers also stabilize the genome and build a barrier? Development can be thought of <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dev.20625/abstract">as the stabilization of connections to match the current environment</a> but with considerable residual plasticity
that can be revealed<b> if there is a shift in the excitatory: inhibitory
balance or the removal of the structural stabilizers.</b> The laminal structure of the <a href="http://dev.biologists.org/content/131/7/1619.full.pdf">basement membrane </a>and its importance for developement is another similar question.In fact almost every atom is exchanged in the body in the growing/repair process by time, turnover, metabolism.<br />
<br />
So how is the body described physically then? Complexity networks describes memory or dissipation holding the body together, as negentropy, but neither matter nor energy is iniert? Everything comes from outside and rearrange itself. Or can reorganizations within the borders create iniert energy? This is why a body has to move and change in order to live?
A fight between change and stability? I have a strong feeling our blind fixation on the second law, although fundamental, has made us forget the stability and conservation aspect, also fundamental. Like Life would be intermediate between first and second law? Third law (The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> of a perfect <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystal</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a> is exactly equal to zero, or zero at the absolute temp.), or <a href="http://www.eoht.info/page/Fourth+law+of+thermodynamics">a fourth law</a> (there have been dozens of various supposed "fourth laws")? <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsager_reciprocal_relations">Onsager's fourth law of thermodynamics</a> with symmetry relation? Symmetry and asymmetry? Including "quasi-thermodynamic" theories by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_effect#Thomson_effect" title="Thomson effect">Thomson</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz" title="Helmholtz">Helmholtz</a> respectively. Life rocks.<i style="color: #45818e;"><br /></i><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="color: #0c343d;">
<i>Onsagers fourth law express the equality of certain ratios between <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3904639295706642486" title="Flux">flows</a> and <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3904639295706642486" title="Force">forces</a> in <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3904639295706642486" title="Thermodynamic system">thermodynamic systems</a> out of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3904639295706642486" title="Equilibrium (thermo)">equilibrium</a>, but where a notion of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3904639295706642486" title="Local thermodynamic equilibrium">local equilibrium</a> exists."Reciprocal relations" occur between different pairs of forces and flows
in a variety of physical systems. For example, consider fluid systems
described in terms of temperature, matter density, and pressure. In this
class of systems, it is known that <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3904639295706642486" title="Temperature">temperature</a> differences lead to <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3904639295706642486" title="Heat">heat</a> flows from the warmer to the colder parts of the system; similarly, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3904639295706642486" title="Pressure">pressure</a> differences will lead to <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3904639295706642486" title="Matter">matter</a>
flow from high-pressure to low-pressure regions. What is remarkable is
the observation that, when both pressure and temperature vary,
temperature differences at constant pressure can cause matter flow (as
in <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3904639295706642486" title="Convection">convection</a>)
and pressure differences at constant temperature can cause heat flow.
Perhaps surprisingly, the heat flow per unit of pressure difference and
the <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3904639295706642486" title="Density">density</a> (matter) flow per unit of temperature difference are equal, as a consequence of the <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3904639295706642486" title="Time reversibility">time reversibility</a> of microscopic dynamics (<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3904639295706642486" title="Microscopic reversibility">microscopic reversibility</a>).</i></blockquote>
<br />
<b>How describe this in spacelike, timelike or lightlike cones</b>?<br />
Is the living matter a subsystem of ordinary matter or contrarily? The matter flows through, and the energy, both irreversibly. Like the arrow of time. The organism border is no real border. Why do we then need borders and selves? For the big principle of self-organization? The networks are? Like the Hopf fibration neural networks and MRI,<a href="http://www.math.nthu.edu.tw/%7Etjm/abstract/9809/tjm9809_1.pdf"> magnetic resonance</a>? Neuronal networks are <b>most longlived structures</b> (= analog for Self?, Big CD-diamond?). Still synapses are born /deleted at a big pace, so not even them are completely inner structures. This allow the spaces to pass through each other, like galaxies travel through each other.? See <a href="http://www-sop.inria.fr/members/Olivier.Faugeras/MVA/ArticlesALire09/Projets.html">Mathematical Methods for Neurosciences,</a><br />
Time is coded by asymmetry, as is gravity? L-formations of sugars are also asymmetric.<br />
<a href="http://arxiv.org/pdf/0904.4925v1.pdf">Hopf Fibration and Quantum Entanglement in Qubit Systems </a>(entanglement in high dimensional systems are problematic, topology and transmission requires entanglement)<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="color: #134f5c;">
<i><span style="color: #0c343d;">Basicall</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_663697319" style="color: #0c343d;">y, a Hopf fibration</a><span style="color: #0c343d;"> is a map from a higher dimensional unit sphere to a lower dimensional unit sphere which is not null-homotopic. The simplest example of a Hopf fibration is a map from a three-sphere into a two-sphere in three dimensional Euclidean space S3 S1→ S2, which helps to define the well known Bloch sphere as the representation of one pure qubit. In this case, two complex numbers are necessary for the normalization condition that depends on four real parameters. These real numbers define a three-sphere and using the Hopf fibration, all the states differing by a global phase are identified with a unique point in the two-sphere. </span>(<span style="color: black;">Mosseri R. and Dandoloff R., J. Phys. A: Math. Gen 34, 10243 (2001)</span>).</i></div>
</blockquote>
Epigenome as external world, fixed into small molecules inside the cell?
So the external world lies tight against the Self, and regulate it? The same is seen in
perineural sheet and neuron. Cancers too? Glia cells are responsible for <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0034-4885/73/9/094601">the extracellular homeostasis</a>, and relay <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/99/25/16024.full">light </a>etc. Is there <a href="http://www.occc.edu/biologylabs/Documents/Homeostasis/Transport.htm">an intracellular homeostasis</a> too? "<i style="color: #0c343d;">There are many "pumps" that function in the cell membrane
to supply the intracellular environment with these substances. The pump
is inhibited when a cells has a sufficient amount of a given substance."</i> This was<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12756282"> better</a>. Membranes again! So, what regulates the epigenome? Time? Almost everything, is it holistic, like light? Light is massless? As is<a href="http://tgdtheory.com/public_html/pdfpool/class.pdf"> magnetic extremals</a>?<br />
<br />
An interesting study of this system/subsystem question is the system approach of cancer. Cancers are usually seen as ’anarchistic’ conglomerates expressing opportunism. <a href="http://www.molbiolcell.org/content/23/4/533.full">Glioblastoma</a> tumors are responding to multiple signals, as one is inhibited the signal is delivered another route. The secret was that they used the cytosceleton for the message delivery, not membrane impulses. DC cells (dendritic immune cells) act like patrolling sentries, prowling boundaries between the body and the outer world on and under skin, within the epidermis and within mucous membranes in the mouth, nose, ear and colon. Glucosensing cells form a network important for the regulation of Self seen as homeostasis, etc. Social interaction is seen in memory and EGO (socially constructed Self)?<br />
<br />
If we look at the total abundance of atoms in Universe those describing Life is in big majority. So Life was maybe prior to ordinary matter? Organic molecules are also generally found in space. There is something fundamental missing here? <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVBEwn6iWOo">Water forms entropy and order</a>, both, says Gerald Pollack. This is also what Life does in photosynthesis. So, Life is about membranes and surfaces? "<i style="color: #0c343d;">As you lower the temperature the liquid crystal starts to become
organized and imprints that order into the surfactant itself, causing it
to self assemble</i><span style="color: #0c343d;">,</span>" about <a href="http://www.news.wisc.edu/20630">liquid chrystals</a>. This <i>can </i>be called memory?<br />
<br />
To understand the energy-aspect (chi?) we must understand<br />
1)<b> its interactions</b> on matter (relativistic GR) or What is Matter, <br />
2)<b> resonant wave-wave interactions through a massless system</b> (as stochastic resonance, biophotons emission, charge exchange). <br />
3) <b>the epigenetics as a regulating outer, bigger system, and its relation to the smaller gene pool (Self),</b> the causative force, <br />
4) the<b> changes and homeostasis/allostasis, expressed as diseases, invoke on the whole,</b> (as in the Yin/Yang principle?)<br />
5) <b>psychosomatic disease</b>. On energy dispersion, <a href="http://healthland.time.com/2012/03/05/decision-making-under-stress-the-brain-remembers-rewards-forgets-punishments/?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+timeblogs%2Fwellness+%28TIME%3A+Wellness%29&goback=.gde_1799831_member_111955509">under stress we tend to focus more on the rewards than on the risks of any decision.</a> Intention and free will. Riskmanagement.<br />
6) <b>psychosis and schizophrenia</b> etc, neurological disorders, the uttermost effect of inner noise, but also very much outer noise when the 'antenna' in and metals become too strong. extracellular matrix. As for MultipleSclerosis the Fe-content is strongly linked to expression of the disease.<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-7329578076278764042012-05-01T22:40:00.001-07:002012-05-05T11:16:53.613-07:00The holy water.The secret.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<object class="BLOGGER-youtube-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="http://2.gvt0.com/vi/2_dmYT83ZKY/0.jpg" height="266" width="320"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/2_dmYT83ZKY&fs=1&source=uds" />
<param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" />
<embed width="320" height="266" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/2_dmYT83ZKY&fs=1&source=uds" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"></embed></object></div>
<br />
The reason behind everything is intent.<br />
Fashinating.<br />
<br />
Add:<br />
The microscopic water crystals show by Dr. Emoto must be composed of tens
of thousands, and even hundreds of thousands of water molecules. Dr. Emoto
is suggesting that crystal structure is indicative of energy that was
in the water before it was flash-frozen. It does not tell us about the
spin state of the water, which would dictate how efficiently your body
can absorb the water. <a href="http://life-enthusiast.com/usa/dan-nelson-m-18.html?pID=409">Dan Nelson</a>.<br />
<a href="http://www.miracle2wholesale.org/research.htm">Water and ORMUS (m-state)</a> in the same time?<br />
<a href="http://life-enthusiast.com/usa/dan-nelson-m-18.html?pID=411">Sub-nanowater</a>. <br />
<a href="http://polymer.bu.edu/hes/articles/s92.pdf">Fractal landscapes in physics and biology</a>, Water at p 17-20, biology (DNA -walk -23, N-chains - 26) from 1992, seems good.<br />
<a href="http://www.its.caltech.edu/%7Eatomic/snowcrystals/">The Secret Life of a Snowflake</a>.<br />
<a href="http://www.its.caltech.edu/%7Eatomic/publist/rpp5_4_R03.pdf">The physics of snowflakes</a>. 41 p review.<br />
<a href="http://www.ams.org/notices/200504/fea-adam-3.pdf">Flowers of Ice - Beauty, symmetry, complexity</a>.<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-76072666828184482622012-04-16T06:36:00.003-07:002012-04-16T06:49:43.416-07:00Wolf Love<p>Alone, high up on a mountaintop<br /> A wolf sings of her despair<br /> To the moon above, of a forlorn love<br /> Her tale echoes on the cold night air</p> <p>With naught but the wind as a friend<br /> To join in her sad lonely cry<br /> Lost and alone, and searching for home<br /> The wolf and the moon in the sky</p> <p>As the echoing notes die away<br /> There comes an answering plea<br /> To the sound turns her ear, she hears it so clear<br /> "I'm coming, so please wait for me"</p> <p>So she waits for the one who responded<br /> And then she saw him appear<br /> A wolf just as she, and longing to be<br /> The one to ease all of her fear</p> <p>He lifted his voice with a question<br /> His song sweet as the croon of a dove<br /> When she looked in his eyes, to her surprise<br /> All she could see was his love</p> <p>And so she answered his query<br /> With her heart, her soul and her mind<br /> Together give voice, to hope and rejoice<br /> The wolves who are two of one kind</p><p><a href="http://www.wolfcountry.net/">Wolf Country</a></p><p><br /></p><p>The wolf was often portrayed as the Anti-Christ, epitome of evil.<br /></p><p>There are also many legends of wolves as noble creatures who can teach us many things.</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="http://www.wolfcountry.net/information/myth_stories/wolfceremony.html">The Wolf Ceremony</a>.<br /></p><p>I wanted to give something of my past to my grandson. So I took him into the woods, to a quiet spot. Seated at my feet he listened as I told him of the powers that were given to each creature. He moved not a muscle as I explained how the woods had always provided us, with food,homes,comfort and religion. He was awed when I related to him how the Wolf became our guardian, and when I told him that I would sing the Sacred Wolf Song over him, he was overjoyed.</p> <p>In my song, I appealed to the Wolf to come and preside over us while I would perform the Wolf ceremony so that the bondage between my grandson and the wolf would be lifelong.</p> <p><i> I Sang.<br />In my voice was the hope that clings to every heartbeat.<br />I Sang.<br />In my words were the powers I inherited from my forefathers.<br />I Sang.<br />In my cupped hands lay a spruce seed...the link of creation.<br />I Sang.<br />In my eyes sparkled Love.<br />I Sang.</i></p> <p>And the song floated on the sun's rays from tree to tree. When i was ended, it was if the whole world listened with us to hear the Wolf's reply.</p> <p>We waited a long time but none came. Again I sang, humbly but as invitingly as I could, until my throat ached and my voice gave out. All of a sudden, I realized why no Wolves had heard my sacred song?!.</p> <p>There were none left! My heart filled with tears. I could no longer give my grandson faith in the past, our past.</p> <p>At last I could whisper to him:"It is finished!"</p> <p>"Can I go home now?" He asked, checking his watch to see if he would still be in time to catch his favorite program on TV.</p> <p>I watched him disappear and wept in silence.</p> <p>All is Finished!</p> <p><i><b>Story By Cheif Dan George (1899-1981)</b></i></p><p><br /></p><p><i><b>Divided by time? A new time is coming?<br /></b></i></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-26362664376700878392012-04-12T11:36:00.009-07:002012-04-14T23:35:43.896-07:00Stochastic resonance.<a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_resonance">Stochastic resonance</a> sounded odd in combination with consciousness, in a recent discussion. I was going to dismiss it, but maybe I can learn something instead.<br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_resonance_%28sensory_neurobiology%29">History</a>: <span style="font-style: italic;">Stochastic resonance was first discovered in a study of the periodic recurrence of earth’s ice ages.</span><sup style="font-style: italic;" id="cite_ref-Benzi1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_resonance_%28sensory_neurobiology%29#cite_note-Benzi1-1"><span></span><span></span></a></sup><sup style="font-style: italic;" id="cite_ref-Benzi2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_resonance_%28sensory_neurobiology%29#cite_note-Benzi2-3"><span></span><span></span></a></sup><span style="font-style: italic;"> The theory developed out of an effort to understand how the earth's climate oscillates periodically between two relatively stable global temperature states, one "normal" and the other an "ice age" state. The conventional explanation was that variations in the eccentricity of earth's orbital path occurred with a period of about 100,000 years and caused the average temperature to shift dramatically. The measured variation in the eccentricity had a relatively small amplitude compared to the dramatic temperature change, however, and stochastic resonance was developed to show that the temperature change due to the weak eccentricity oscillation and added stochastic variation due to the unpredictable energy output of the sun (known as the </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_constant" title="Solar constant">solar constant</a><span style="font-style: italic;">) could cause the temperature to move in a nonlinear fashion between two stable dynamic states.</span><br /><p>Wikipedia: <a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_resonance">Stochastic resonance</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> is observed when noise added to a system changes the system's behaviour in some fashion. More technically, SR occurs if the </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> of a </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear" title="Nonlinear" class="mw-redirect">nonlinear</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> system or device increases for moderate values of </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensity_%28physics%29" title="Intensity (physics)">intensity</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> [or reversely?] It often occurs in </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistable" title="Bistable">bistable</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> systems or in systems with a </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_threshold" title="Sensory threshold">sensory threshold</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> and when the input signal to the system is "sub-threshold". For lower noise intensities, the signal does not cause the device to cross threshold, so little </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_%28information_theory%29" title="Signal (information theory)" class="mw-redirect">signal</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> is passed through it. For large noise intensities, the output is dominated by the noise, also leading to a low signal-to-noise ratio. For moderate intensities, the noise allows the signal to reach threshold, but the noise intensity is not so large as to swamp it. Thus, a plot of signal-to-noise ratio as a function of noise intensity shows a '∩' shape.</span></p><p><a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000348.g002&representation=PNG_M"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 218px; height: 174px;" src="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000348.g002&representation=PNG_M" alt="" border="0" /></a></p> <p style="font-style: italic;"><strong><span><a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000348">Typical curve of output performance versus input noise magnitude</a>, for systems capable of stochastic resonance.</span></strong></p><p>For small and large noise, the performance metric (e.g., SNR, mutual information, Fisher information, correlation, discrimination index) is very small, while some intermediate nonzero noise level provides optimal performance.</p><p style="font-style: italic;">The word <em>resonance</em> in the term <em>stochastic resonance</em> was originally used because the signature feature of SR is that a plot of a performance measure—such as output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)—against input noise “intensity” has a single maximum at a nonzero value. Such a plot, as shown in <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000348#pcbi-1000348-g002">Figure</a>, has a similar appearance to frequency-dependent systems that have a maximum SNR, or output response, for some <em>resonant frequency</em>. However, in the case of SR, the resonance is “noise-induced” rather than at a particular frequency.<br /></p><p style="font-style: italic;">Stochastic resonance occurs in bistable systems, when a small periodic (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sinusoidal</a>) force is applied together with a large wide band stochastic force (noise). The system response is driven by the combination of the two forces that compete/cooperate to make the system switch between the two stable states. The degree of order is related to the amount of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_motion" title="Periodic motion" class="mw-redirect">periodic function</a> that it shows in the system response. <span style="font-weight: bold;">When the periodic force is chosen small enough in order to not make the system response switch, the presence of a non-negligible noise is required for it to happen. </span>When the noise is small very few switches occur, mainly at random with no significant periodicity in the system response. When the noise is very strong a large number of switches occur for each period of the sinusoid and the system response does not show remarkable periodicity. Between these two conditions, there exists <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">an optimal value of the noise that cooperatively concurs with the periodic forcing in order to make almost exactly one switch per period </span>(a maximum in the signal-to-noise ratio).</p> <p style="font-style: italic;">Such a favorable condition is <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">quantitatively determined by the matching of two time scales: the period of the sinusoid (the deterministic time scale) and the </span><a style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);" href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/KramersRate.html">Kramers rate</a><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> (i.e., the inverse of the average switch rate induced by the sole noise: the stochastic time scale).</span> Thus the term "stochastic resonance".</p><p class="small"> </p><ul><li><a href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/about/author.html">Weisstein, Eric W.</a> "Kramers Rate." From <a href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/"><i>MathWorld</i></a>-A Wolfram Web Resource. <a href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/KramersRate.html">http://mathworld.wolfram.com/KramersRate.html </a><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span> <span style="font-style: italic;">The charachteristic escape rate from a stable state of a potential in the absence of signal.</span><br /></li><li><div class="output pnt" id="scannerresult_0300_1">Benzi, R.; Sutera, A.; and Vulpiani, A. "The Mechanism of Stochastic Resonance." <i>J. Phys. A</i> <b>14</b>, L453-L457, 1981.</div></li><li><div class="output pnt" id="scannerresult_0300_1">Gammaitoni, L. "Stochastic Resonance E-Print Server." <a href="http://www.umbrars.com/sr/">http://www.umbrars.com/sr/</a>. </div></li><li>Bulsara, A. R. and Gammaitoni, L. "Tuning in to Noise." <i>Phys. Today</i> <b>49</b>, 39-45, March 1996. <span style="font-style: italic;">A stochastic resonance is a phenomenon in which a nonlinear system is subjected to a periodic modulated signal so weak as to be normally undetectable, but it becomes detectable due to resonance between the weak deterministic signal and stochastic </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Noise.html">noise</a><span style="font-style: italic;">. The earliest definition of stochastic resonance was the maximum of the output signal strength as a function of noise. </span></li></ul><p class="small"> </p> <p>Stochastic resonance was discovered and proposed for the first time in 1981 to explain the periodic recurrence of ice ages.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_resonance#cite_note-1"><span></span><span></span></a></sup> Since then the same principle has been applied in a wide variety of systems. <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Nowadays stochastic resonance is commonly invoked when noise and nonlinearity concur to determine an increase of order in the system response.</span><a href="http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/Hanggi_Peter"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </span><br /></a></p><p><a href="http://publish.aps.org/search/field/author/Hanggi_Peter">Peter Hänggi,</a> et al.1990. <a href="http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v62/i2/p251_1">Reaction-rate theory: fifty years after Kramers</a></p><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></span><blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">The calculation of rate coefficients is a discipline of nonlinear science of importance to much of physics, chemistry, engineering, and biology. Fifty years after Kramers' seminal paper on thermally activated barrier crossing, the authors report, extend, and interpret much of our current understanding relating to theories of noise-activated escape, for which many of the notable contributions are originating from the communities both of physics and of physical chemistry. Theoretical as well as numerical approaches are discussed for single- and many-dimensional metastable systems (including fields) in gases and condensed phases. The role of many-dimensional transition-state theory is contrasted with Kramers' reaction-rate theory for moderate-to-strong friction; the authors emphasize the physical situation and the close connection between unimolecular rate theory and Kramers' work for weakly damped systems. The rate theory accounting for memory friction is presented, together with a unifying theoretical approach which covers the whole regime of weak-to-moderate-to-strong friction on the same basis (turnover theory). The peculiarities of noise-activated escape in a variety of physically different metastable potential configurations is elucidated in terms of the mean-first-passage-time technique. Moreover, the role and the complexity of escape in driven systems exhibiting possibly multiple, metastable stationary nonequilibrium states is identified. At lower temperatures, quantum tunneling effects start to dominate the rate mechanism. The early quantum approaches as well as the latest quantum versions of Kramers' theory are discussed, thereby providing a description of dissipative escape events at all temperatures. In addition, an attempt is made to discuss prominent experimental work as it relates to Kramers' reaction-rate theory and to indicate the most important areas for future research in theory and experiment.</span></blockquote>The classical Kramers problem (the dissociation problem): The rate of escape of a classical particle over an energy barrier is a well-posed problem as long as the potential energy features a barrier or transition-state that has to be crossed. <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">The escape-rate problem is known to be ill-defined when the particle is trapped in a potential well</span> which is the only point of minimum in the potential profile (which then either diverges or reaches asymptotes along the coordinated axis), see a 'brandnew', <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1202.3306">Kramers rate theory of ionization and dissociation of bound states,</a><a href="http://arxiv.org/find/cond-mat/1/au:+Zaccone_A/0/1/0/all/0/1"> Alessio Zaccone</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/cond-mat/1/au:+Terentjev_E/0/1/0/all/0/1">Eugene M. Terentjev,</a><br /><div class="authors"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></span><blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Calculating the microscopic dissociation rate of a bound state, such as a classical diatomic molecule, has been difficult so far. <span style="font-weight: bold;">The problem was that standard theories require an energy barrier over which the bound particle (or state) escapes into the preferred low-energy state. This is not the case when the long-range repulsion responsible for the barrier is either absent or screened (as in Cooper pairs, ionized plasma, or biomolecular complexes). We solve this classical problem by accounting for entropic memory at the microscopic level. </span>The theory predicts dissociation rates for arbitrary potentials and is successfully tested on the example of plasma, where it yields an estimate of ionization in the core of Sun in excellent agreement with experiments. <span style="font-weight: bold;">In biology, the new theory accounts for crowding in receptor-ligand kinetics and protein aggregation.</span> </span></blockquote>Potential wells are important in biology, see memory-drag in Rakovic as instance. Popp talked much of potential versus kinetics. GABA-inhibition is known to create coherence etc.<br /><br />Wikipedia: <span style="font-style: italic;">Suprathreshold stochastic resonance is a particular form of stochastic resonance. It is the phenomenon where </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness#In_mathematics" title="Randomness">random</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_%28telecommunications%29" title="Noise (telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect">fluctuations</a><span style="font-style: italic;">, or noise, provide a </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> benefit in a </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_system" title="Nonlinear system">nonlinear system</a><span style="font-style: italic;">. Unlike most of the nonlinear systems where stochastic resonance occurs, suprathreshold stochastic resonance occurs not only when the strength of the fluctuations is small relative to that of an input signal, but occurs even for the smallest amount of </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_noise" title="Random noise" class="mw-redirect">random noise</a><span style="font-style: italic;">. Furthermore, it is not restricted to a subthreshold signal, hence the qualifier, suprathreshold, in suprathreshold stochastic resonance.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Standing waves as amplifiers?</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Suprathreshold_stochastic_resonance">Review of Suprathreshold Stochastic Resonance</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_D._McDonnell" title="Mark D. McDonnell">M. D. McDonnell</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_G._Stocks" title="Nigel G. Stocks">N. G. Stocks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._M._Pearce" title="Charles E. M. Pearce">C. E. M. Pearce</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Abbott" title="Derek Abbott">D. Abbott</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_resonance_%28book%29" title="Stochastic resonance (book)" class="mw-redirect">Stochastic Resonance: From Suprathreshold Stochastic Resonance to Stochastic Signal Quantization</a>,</i> Cambridge University Press, 2008.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;"><br />Stochastic resonance has been observed in the neural tissue of the sensory systems of several organisms.</span><sup style="font-style: italic;" id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_resonance#cite_note-2"><span></span><span></span></a></sup><span style="font-style: italic;"> Computationally, neurons exhibit SR because of non-linearities in their processing. SR has yet to be fully explained in biological systems, but </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_oscillation" title="Neural oscillation">neural synchrony</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> in the brain (specifically in the </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_wave" title="Gamma wave">gamma wave</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> frequency</span><sup style="font-style: italic;" id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_resonance#cite_note-3"><span></span><span></span></a></sup><span style="font-style: italic;">) has been suggested as a possible neural mechanism for SR by researchers who have investigated the perception of "subconscious" visual sensation.</span><br /><br />This ethernal gamma wave!<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_resonance#cite_note-4"><span></span></a> The neurobiological phallos? But interesting!<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">SR-based techniques has been used to create a novel class of medical devices (such as </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Collins_%28Boston_University%29" title="James Collins (Boston University)">vibrating insoles</a><span style="font-style: italic;">) for enhancing sensory and motor function in the elderly, patients with <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fana.20670">diabetic neuropathy</a>, and patients with stroke.</span><br /><br />Vibrating molecules did we earlier discuss in smell perception as instance. Evidence for stochastic resonance in a sensory system was first found in nerve signals from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanoreceptors" title="Mechanoreceptors" class="mw-redirect">mechanoreceptors</a> located on the tail fan of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a> (<i>Procambarus clarkii</i>). Also for other mechanoreceptors and tiny passive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroreceptor" title="Electroreceptor" class="mw-redirect">electroreceptors</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddlefish" title="Paddlefish">paddlefish</a> (<i>Polyodon spathula</i>) rostrum.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">The procedure.</span><br /><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_resonance_%28sensory_neurobiology%29">Two separate measurements </a><span style="font-style: italic;">were used to estimate the signal-to-noise ratio of the neural response. The first was based on the Fourier power spectrum of the spike time series response. The power spectra from the averaged spike data for three different noise intensities all showed a clear peak at the 55.2 Hz component with different average levels of broadband noise. The relatively low- and mid-level added noise conditions also show a second harmonic component at about 110 Hz. The mid-level noise condition clearly shows a stronger component at the signal of interest than either low- or high-level noise, and the harmonic component is greatly reduced at mid-level noise and not present in the high-level noise. A standard measure of the SNR as a function of noise variance shows a clear peak at the mid-level noise condition. The other measure used for SNR was based on the inter-spike interval histogram instead of the power spectrum. A similar peak was found on a plot of SNR as a function of noise variance for mid-level noise, although it was slightly different from that found using the power spectrum measurement. These data support the claim that noise can enhance detection at the single neuron level, but not more.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">If the stimuli are generally of a certain magnitude, it seems that it would be more evolutionarily advantageous for the threshold of the neuron to match that of the stimuli. In systems with noise, however, tuning thresholds for taking advantage of stochastic resonance may be the best strategy.</span> <p style="font-style: italic;">A theoretical account of <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">how a large model network (up to 1000) of summed </span><a style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FitzHugh-Nagumo_model" title="FitzHugh-Nagumo model" class="mw-redirect">FitzHugh-Nagumo neurons</a><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> could adjust the threshold of the system based on the noise level present in the environment</span> was devised<span style="text-decoration: underline;">. </span><sup id="cite_ref-Chow_9-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_resonance_%28sensory_neurobiology%29#cite_note-Chow-9"><span></span><span></span></a></sup> This can be equivalently conceived of as the system lowering its threshold, and this is accomplished such that the ability to detect suprathreshold signals is not degraded.</p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Enhancing the synchrony and complexity?</span><br /><br /><span class="citation Journal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_H%C3%A4nggi" title="Peter Hänggi">Hänggi P</a> (Mar 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/theo1/hanggi/Papers/282.pdf">"Stochastic resonance in biology. How noise can enhance detection of weak signals and help improve biological information processing"</a></span> An interesting article.<br /><blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Life's necessities; food, water, shelter, - noise - to enhance detection of weak signals and help improve biological information processing. A symmetric bistable potential well is periodically rocked by a weak signal.<br /></span></blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></span><a href="http://psycnet.apa.org/?&fa=main.doiLanding&doi=10.1037/cjep2006029">Neural synchrony in stochastic resonance, attention, and consciousness. </a>Ward et. al., 2006: <blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">We describe briefly three of our lab's ongoing projects studying the role of neural synchrony in human perception and cognition. These projects arise from two main interests: the role of noise both in human perception and in neural synchrony, and neural synchrony as a basis for integration of functional modules in the brain. Our experimental work on these topics began with a study of the possibility that noise-influenced neural synchrony might be responsible for the fact that small amounts of noise added to weak signals can enhance their detectability (stochastic resonance). We are also studying the role of neural synchrony in attention and consciousness in several paradigms. On the basis of our own and related work by others, we conclude that (1) neural synchrony plays an important role in the integration of functional modules in the brain and (2) neural synchrony is profoundly affected and possibly regulated, in part, by the "noisiness" of the brain.</span></blockquote>Also between switched perceptions, as exemplified by a Necker cube. <span class="citation Journal"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_D._McDonnell" title="Mark D. McDonnell">McDonnell MD</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Abbott" title="Derek Abbott">Abbott D</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000348&representation=PDF">"What is Stochastic Resonance? Definitions, misconceptions, debates, and its relevance to biology"</a></span>one of the central arguments for dismissing SR, i.e., the conclusion that <em>optimal</em> signal detection is incompatible with the fact that SR is observed when detection performance is non-monotonically decreasing with increasing input SNR. This difficulty has been discussed several times in the literature. Of particular relevance to biologists are the opposing viewpoints of Tougaard and Ward et. al.<br />In one variant of SR, which relies on a parallel population of “sensors” or neurons collectively encoding a common stimulus—<span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">noise benefits do disappear if the overall population is optimized. [- Note, evolutional factor?] </span>The goal could be information transmission, signal classification, or signal compression, suboptimal detectors.<br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></span><blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">If it can be established that SR plays an important role in the encoding and processing of information in the brain, and that it somehow provides part of the brain's superior performance to computers and artificial intelligence in some areas, then using this knowledge in engineering systems may revolutionize the way we design computers, sensors, and communications systems.</span> <p style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">For biological science, rather than view SR as a specifically defined phenomenon of limited scope, we advocate thinking about SR in terms of the broad idea of “noise benefits”, and as a reminder that ideal systems often cannot be engineered in practice. When this is the case, it is necessary to make the best of a suboptimal situation, such as exploiting noise to advantage. This principle holds for evolution as well. If there are nonlinearities involved, then it is easy to imagine that organisms evolved to make the best possible use of noise and fluctuations that are unavoidably present.</p></blockquote><p style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></p><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Melloni L, Molina C, Pena M, Torres D, Singer W, Rodriguez E (Mar 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17360907">"Synchronization of neural activity across cortical areas correlates with conscious perception"</a></span></span><br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></span><blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Subliminal stimuli can be deeply processed and activate similar brain areas as consciously perceived stimuli. This raises the question which signatures of neural activity critically differentiate conscious from unconscious processing. Transient synchronization of neural activity has been proposed as a neural correlate of conscious perception. Here we test this proposal by comparing the electrophysiological responses related to the processing of visible and invisible words in a delayed matching to sample task. Both perceived and nonperceived words caused a similar increase of local (gamma) oscillations in the EEG, but only perceived words induced a transient long-distance synchronization of gamma oscillations across widely separated regions of the brain. After this transient period of temporal coordination, the electrographic signatures of conscious and unconscious processes continue to diverge. Only words reported as perceived induced (1) enhanced theta oscillations over frontal regions during the maintenance interval, (2) an increase of the P300 component of the event-related potential, and (3) an increase in power and phase synchrony of gamma oscillations before the anticipated presentation of the test word. We propose that the critical process mediating the access to conscious perception is the early transient global increase of phase synchrony of oscillatory activity in the gamma frequency range. </span></blockquote>Note the oscillatory and temporal peaks giving the synchrony.<br /><div style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" id="sec-18" class="subsection"> <h3></h3><blockquote><h3><span style="font-size:100%;">Long-range synchronization, conscious perception, and the depth of processing</span></h3> <p id="p-48">It can be argued that the electrophysiological signatures associated with conscious perception are simply a reflection of more extensive processing rather than reflecting mechanisms specifically associated with awareness. We consider this as unlikely for several reasons. The finding that visible and invisible words induced gamma oscillations of similar power and distribution suggests that invisible words were thoroughly processed. In addition, in the control experiment with the subliminal priming task, we evaluated the depth of processing of the unperceived word using the same protocol as in the main experiment. Prime words, although not perceived, had a clear behavioral effect indicating that the unconsciously perceived words are processed. Therefore, we consider it likely that the key event mediating access to consciousness is the early long-distance synchronization of neural assemblies, rather than the mere depth of processing in the various cortical areas involved in written word processing. </p></blockquote><p id="p-48"></p> </div>But the emotional arousal??? We need to know more! Dejan Rakovic had memory functions linked to a potential well too. See <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/04/schrodingers-cat-dead-and-alive-body.html">Schrödingers cat. Dead and alive, body and mind.</a> The cat is a complex system, and <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/05/tgd-and-drakovic-quantum-field-body.html"> TGD and D.Rakovic. The quantum field body, a comprision.</a><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">A related phenomenon is </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dither" title="Dither">dithering</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> applied to analog signals before </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital conversion</a><span style="font-style: italic;">.</span><sup style="font-style: italic;" id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_resonance#cite_note-6"><span></span><span></span></a></sup><span style="font-style: italic;"> Stochastic resonance can be used to measure transmittance amplitudes below an instrument's detection limit. If </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian" title="Gaussian" class="mw-redirect">Gaussian</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> is added to a subthreshold (i.e., immeasurable) signal, then it can be brought into a detectable region. After detection, the noise is removed. A fourfold improvement in the detection limit can be obtained.</span><br /><br />Wave-interference?<br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bradmcevoy.com/blogs/sr.html">Being messy, both at home and in foreign policy, may have its own advantages</a></i> Retrieved 3 Jan 2011<br /><br /><a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-04/uosc-qcb040412.php">Quantum computer build inside a diamond</a>: Noise brushes off particles that got decoherent.<br /><br />Hänggi link this to <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="http://www.aip.org/pnu/2007/split/843-1.html">relativistic thermodynamicity</a></span>?<br />Physics News Update, 2007: <span style="font-style:italic;"><blockquote style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Einstein’s special theory of relativity has formulas, called Lorentz transformations, that convert time or distance intervals from a resting frame of reference to a frame zooming by at nearly the speed of light. But how about temperature? That is, if a speeding observer, carrying her thermometer with her, tries to measure the temperature of a gas in a stationary bottle,what temperature will she measure? A new look at this contentious subject suggests that the temperature will be the same as that measured in the rest frame. In other words, moving bodies will not appear hotter or colder... Some astrophysical systems might eventually offer a chance to experimentally judge the issue. In general the effort to marry thermodynamics with special relativity is still at an early stage. It is not exactly known how several thermodynamic parameters change at high speeds. Absolute zero, Dunkel says, will always be absolute zero, even for quickly-moving observers. But producing proper Lorentz transformations for other quantities such as entropy will be trickier to do.</blockquote><blockquote></blockquote></span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v5/n10/abs/nphys1416.html">Defining quantities with respect to the observer's past lightcone </a>? The concept of<span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">negative energy and Zero Energy Ontology of TGD</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">? WAU!</span><br /><br />(Maybe my german readers high peak will get an explanation?)<br /><br />Interesting. This has potential to be something?<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-34286164664362427002012-04-08T05:50:00.019-07:002012-04-12T08:22:29.674-07:00What is a Cognition? And a Mind?<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Deep_in_thought.jpg/400px-Deep_in_thought.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 450px;" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Deep_in_thought.jpg/400px-Deep_in_thought.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a>Deep in Thought;<span style="font-size:100%;"> think about the ways in which her body reacts differently to the snake-danger. </span><br /><br /><span class="comment-body"><a href="https://eee.uci.edu/wiki/index.php/University_Studies_15:_Consciousness_%28Fall_2008%29">Consciousness</a> is a minefield open to any interpretation based on philosophical, biological, physical, mathematical or religious views. Better not to deal with it?<br /><br />Well, then we get no knowledge of what it is either. Some say it is the most basic thing behind our reality and that it forms our view of what our reality is. Easily agree on that when I read comments. They are a BIG MESS! But if it is most basic, then we would want to have a clue? Wouldn't we?<br /><br />My earlier posts on the mind and consciousness:<br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2009/10/perception-is-quantum-biology.html">Perception is quantum biology</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2009/11/what-is-quantum-biology.html">What is quantum biology?</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2009/11/macroscopic-quantum-coherence.html">Macroscopic quantum coherence, photosynthesis.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/01/what-is-life-about.html">What is life about</a>?<br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/02/singular-i-and-observer.html">The singular I and the observer.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/02/matter-waves.html">Matter waves.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/03/quantum-antenna-brain-modelling-i.html">Quantum antenna. Brain modelling I</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/03/infrasound-and-geomagnetism-brain.html">Intrasound and geomagnetism. Brain Modelling II.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/03/geomagnetism-and-senses-brain-modelling.html">Geomagnetism and senses. Brain modelling III. A.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/03/geomagnetism-and-senses-brain-modelling_19.html">Geomagnetism and senses. Brain modelling III. B.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/03/geomagnetism-and-senses-brain-modelling_23.html">Geomagnetism and senses. Part II. Brain modelling III. B</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/03/geomagnetism-and-senses-brain-modelling_2870.html">Geomagnetism and senses. Part III. Brain modelling III. B</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/03/magnetobiology-brain-modelling-iv.html">Magnetobiology. Brain modelling IV.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/03/quantum-observer-theory-brain-modelling.html">Quantum observer theory. Brain modelling V.</a></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/04/magnetoreceptors-brain-modelling-vi.html">Magnetoreceptors. Brain modelling VI. </a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/04/magnetic-body.html">The magnetic body</a>.<br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/04/sensitivity-brain-modelling-vii.html">Sensitivity. Brain modelling VII.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/04/schrodingers-cat-dead-and-alive-body.html">Schrödingers cat. Dead and alive, body and mind.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/05/tgd-and-drakovic-quantum-field-body.html">TGD and D.Rakovic. The quantum field body, a comprision.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/05/emergent-mind.html">Emergent Mind?</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/05/what-is-life.html">What is life?</a> Craig Venters Institute.<br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/06/window-into-phenomen-of-life.html">A window into the phenomen of Life?</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/09/quantum-biology-dna.html">Quantum biology - DNA.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/09/quantum-biology-coherence-i.html">Quantum biology - coherence I.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/11/evolution-is-process.html">Evolution is a process.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/01/on-biosignatures-digital-life-and-ets.html">On biosignatures, digital life and ETs.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/02/cancer-not-result-of-mutations.html">Cancer not a result of mutations.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/02/body-mind-problem-fqxi-contest-2011.html">The body-mind problem - FQXI-contest 2011.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/02/carbon-complexity-and-origin-of-life.html">Carbon complexity and origin of life.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/04/john-hagelin-phd-on-consciousness.html">John Hagelin, Ph.D on Consciousness.</a><br /><span class="comment-body"><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/04/complexity-and-evolution.html">Complexity and evolution.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/05/death-and-loosening-of-consciousness.html">Death and the Loosening of Consciousness.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/05/all-in-mind.html">All in the mind.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/05/interpretation-about-copenhagen.html">Interpretation about Copenhagen interpretation.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/06/origin-of-life-discussed-at-cern.html">The Origin of Life discussed at Cern.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/08/artificial-life-conference-paris.html">Artificial life conference, Paris.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/12/quantuminformational-medicine-from.html">Quantum.informational medicine from Belgrade.</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2012/02/mystery-of-life-solved.html">The mystery of Life solved?</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/06/origin-of-life-discussed-at-cern.html">Origin of Life discussed at Cern</a><br /><a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2012/04/what-is-mind.html">What is a Cognition? And a Mind?</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">What are the difference between consciousness, awareness, cognition and minds? </span><br /><br /></span><span class="comment-body">Cognition is the least known of these, with a lack of understanding of how high level brain function (cognition) arises out of the neural processes <span style="font-weight: bold;">within brain structures</span>.</span><br /><br />Wait, so the silent assumption is brain?<br /><br />What makes the nerves in the body different from the nerves in brain in their computational charachters? And why not at all count with the other nerve system we have, the autonomous nerves. What do they contribute with? Becker also suggested a perineural nervous system that made the background for the common nerves. Astrocytes that belong to it has been found to actually regulate the nerve function; the on/off function. Autonomous nerves modulate the function, together with neuromodulators, intimately linked to CNS, that is the connective tissue and perineuralsystem...<span style="font-weight: bold;"> A much cited paper</span> by <span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=T.+R.+Shanthaveerappa&sortspec=date&submit=Submit">T. R. Shanthaveerappa</a></span> and<span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Geoffrey+H.+Bourne&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"> Geoffrey H. Bourne</a></span>, 1966, <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/154/3755/1464.short">Perineural Epithelium: A New Concept of its Role in the Integrity of the Peripheral Nervous System</a>:<br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></span><blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">A multilayered, squamous-celled epithelial cell membrane covering the individual nerve fasciculi of the entire peripheral nervous system ( both voluntary and autonomic) including the sensory and motor end organs has been demonstrated in various species of animals, including man. This membrane is the direct continuation of the pia-arachnoid mater from the central nervous system. Functional significance of this membrane, especially as a diffusion barrier and as a protector of the peripheral nervous system... </span></blockquote>Old knowledge. <a href="http://synapses.clm.utexas.edu/lab/harris/Lecture16/index.htm">The tripartite synapse </a>is also old. This extensive article is from 2001. But stubbornly we cling to very old ideas and pretend these things have never been found out. I have been called a lier, simply for pointing it out...<br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/165/3893/604.abstract">Evidence for contractile elements</a>... perineural sheets that helps nerves to contract- ye, so they can computate? This was known 1969. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1475606?uid=3737976&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=56007610453">Movement and cognition</a>, 1977, by M. Davis. Linked to language? <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090512121259.htm">Problem solving?</a> Wellknown problem at schools, but scientists have never heard of it, and stubbornly clings to the brain for cognition... <strong><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110602111448.htm" class="blue">Want to Solve a Problem? Don't Just Use Your Brain, but Your Body, Too</a></strong> <ul><li>Alejandro Lleras and Laura Thomas. <strong>Swinging Into Thought: Directed Movement Guides Insight in Problem Solving</strong>. <em>Psychonomic Bulletin & Review</em>. </li></ul>By directing the <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070924122919.htm">eye movements</a> of test subjects they were able to affect the participants’ ability to solve a problem... <span style="font-weight: bold;">a perceptual simulation</span>, by the same authors, "it is now clear that not only do eye movements reflect what we are thinking, they can also influence how we think."<br />Flaxing eyes are something we connect wit unreliability... Signs of lying are body expressions? <a href="http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=75717">Body language</a>? <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_cognition">Embodied cognition</a>? <blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">The </span><b style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">embodied mind thesis</b><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> holds that the nature of the human </span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> is largely determined by the form of the human body. The aspects of cognition include high level mental constructs (such as </span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concepts</a><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> and </span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category" title="Category">categories</a><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">) and human performance on various cognitive tasks (such as reasoning or judgement). The aspects of the body include the </span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_system" title="Motor system">motor system</a><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">, the </span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptual_system" title="Perceptual system">perceptual system</a><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">, the body's interactions with the environment (</span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situated" title="Situated">situatedness</a><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">) and the </span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological" title="Ontological" class="mw-redirect">ontological</a><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> assumptions about the world that are built into the body and the brain. The embodied mind thesis is opposed to other theories of </span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> such as </span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitivism_%28psychology%29" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">cognitivism</a><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">, </span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computationalism" title="Computationalism" class="mw-redirect">computationalism</a><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> and </span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism_%28philosophy_of_mind%29" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">Cartesian dualism</a><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">.</span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_cognition#cite_note-0"><span></span></a></blockquote>But if the body can make computations and cognitions it should also be conscious? But consciousness is made in the brain? WE KNOW THAT! Ye, we prefer to talk of this wishful thinking, because if we degrade the brain also animals are made conscious, and what would then be our holy right to master them? Just old, sloppy, religious thinking? Or do we then get responsibility? God forbid!<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">We want to blame God, not ourselves! WE DON'T WANT TO HAVE THE RESPONSIBILITY!</span><br />But God also said we had, in the holy Bible. Dam it!<br /><br /><strong><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101025090020.htm" class="blue">Tiny Brained Bees Solve a Complex Mathematical Problem</a></strong>. Tiny brains? As savants can handle very complex mathematical problems? Brain is not needed much? Highly 'intelligent' mathematicians become furious when I point this out for them. They still believe in the IQ, or want to believe in it? <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">What is intelligence btw?</span> One thing that is sure is that it is not consciousness.<br /><br />Jaak Panksepp in <span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><a href="http://books.google.fi/books?id=_782uLz6jcwC&printsec=frontcover&hl=sv">Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions,</a><br />2004: Emotional operating systems and topological neurodynamics, global EEG-patterns...<br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></span><blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">There is little doubt that all of the systems I discuss in this book actually exist in both human and animal brains - those for dreaming, anticipation, the pleasures of eating as well as the consumption of other resourses, anger, fear, love and lust, maternal acceptance, grief, play and joy, and even those that represent the 'Self' as a coherent entity within the brain. The doubts we must have concerns their precise nature within the brain.</span></blockquote>I never forget when I read about his playing, laughing rat kids... Ye, I KNOW animals can laugh and express emotions without language, because I have had many wild animals tamed. I <span style="font-style: italic;">felt</span> the hot joy, the curiosity.<br /><br />Still, 1977, when I got my first child, the newborn were often 'tortured' by pricking them in their toes for lab tests, because "babies were not sensitive". This because they had no language. Today we know better, but we still want to believe animals have no senses, no consciousness? They can be treated "like animals"?<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Emotional </span><b>cognition</b>.<br />Emotional awareness required for decision making and carrying out actions, they define normal adult emotional <b>cognition</b>. What?<br /><br /><a name="c15g">Consciousness has </a><a href="http://www.thymos.com/tat/emotion.html" target="_blank">a lot to do with emotions</a>; or more precisely, with the <b>feeling</b> of emotions, which appear to be a short-cut between certain perceived situations and certain behavioral responses. A way to respond quickly. Emotions are highly coordinated with, and mediated by, chemical processes which act quickly throughout wide regions of the brain. These processes (the amine fountains) in effect spray neurochemicals (dopamine, serotonin, endorphins, etc.) from a net of hose-like filaments emanating from the thalamus.<br /><br /><a href="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0896627308003693-gr8.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 396px; height: 245px;" src="http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0896627308003693-gr8.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a>An example of <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627308003693">the neuromodulatory system</a>, and its fountain. Note the connection to CSF and connective tissue where the hormones and emotional peptides and amines etc. circulate. An extensive article, <span style="font-style: italic;">The Reorienting System of the Human Brain: From Environment to Theory of Mind</span> by Corbetta et al. 2008.<br /><br />Historically, emotion and <span class="cpstub">cognition</span> have been viewed as largely separate. In the past two decades, however, a growing body of work has pointed to the interdependence between the two, says <a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Cognition_and_emotion">Scholarpedia</a>. Cognition refers to processes such as <a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>, <b><a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a></b>, <a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Language" title="Language">language</a>, problem solving, and planning. Many cognitive processes are thought to involve sophisticated functions that may be unique to primates. They often involve so-called controlled processes, <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">such as when the pursuit of a goal (e.g., maintaining information in mind) needs to be protected from interference (e.g., a distracting stimulus).<br /><br />Self-organization? </span>Reason is often said to be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason">reflexive, or "self-correcting</a>"<br />Reason and logic are both left brainers? What about right hemisphere?<br /><br />Emotions has definitions that incorporate the concepts of drive and <a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>: emotions are states elicited by <a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Reward" title="Reward">rewards</a> and punishers (Rolls, 2005). Others favor the view that emotions are involved in the <span class="cpstub">conscious</span> (or unconscious) evaluation of events (Arnold, 1960) (i.e., appraisals). Some approaches focus on basic emotions (Ekman, 1992) (e.g., <a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Fear" title="Fear" class="cpstub">fear</a>, anger), others on an extended set of emotions, including moral ones (Haidt, 2003; Moll et al., 2005) (e.g., pride, envy). Strong evidence also links emotions to the body (Damasio, 1994). Brain structures linked to emotion are often subcortical, such as the <a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>, ventral <a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Basal_Ganglia" title="Basal Ganglia">striatum</a>, and <a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>. These structures are often considered evolutionarily conserved, or <i>primitive</i>. They are also believed to operate fast and in an <i>automatic fashion</i>, such that certain trigger features (e.g., the white of the eyes in a fearful expression (Whalen et al., 2004)) are relatively unfiltered and always evoke responses that may be important for survival. Accordingly, an individual may not be necessarily conscious of a stimulus that may have triggered brain responses in an affective brain region, such as the amygdala.<br /><br />B. Gelder in a Nature article<span style="font-weight: bold;">, </span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v7/n3/full/nrn1872.html">Towards the neurobiology of emotional body language</a>, 2006:<br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></span><blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">People's faces show fear in many different circumstances. However, when people are terrified, as well as showing emotion, they run for cover. When we see a bodily expression of emotion, <span style="font-weight: bold;">we immediately know what specific action is associated with a particular emotion, leaving little need for interpretation of the signal,</span> as is the case for facial expressions. Research on emotional body language is rapidly emerging as a new field <span style="font-weight: bold;">in cognitive and affective neuroscience. </span>This article reviews how whole-body signals are automatically perceived and understood, and their role <span style="font-weight: bold;">in emotional communication and decision-making.</span></span></blockquote>Some of the interactions between emotion and cognition will emphasize the brain systems involved in the interactions between emotion and <i>i</i>) perception and attention; <i>ii</i>) <a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Learning" title="Learning" class="cpstub">learning</a> and memory; and <i>iii</i>) behavioral <a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Neural_Inhibition" title="Neural Inhibition">inhibition</a> and <a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Working_memory" title="Working memory">working memory</a>.<br /><br /> <span class="name"><a class="name-search" href="http://msx.sagepub.com/search?author1=Jaak+Panksepp&sortspec=date&submit=Submit">Jaak Panksepp</a></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">, 2009: </span><a href="http://msx.sagepub.com/content/13/2_suppl/229.short">The emotional antecedents to the evolution of music and language.</a><br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></span><blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">The emotional power of music may have strong linkages to the evolution of basic motor and emotional systems of the brain, ... <span style="font-weight: bold;">may have been critically important pre-adaptations for the emergence of the melodic stream of music in humans.</span> If so, the social emotions (playful joy, sadness, maternal care, sexual lust, and territorial/dominance imperatives) surely had more influence than the non-social, self-preservative emotions such as anger and fear, providing a substrate for harmony and discord. ... it is possible that the communicative intent integral to social emotional vocalizations, and gradual utilization and musical reutilization of such communications in group-activities, <span style="font-weight: bold;">prepared the way for the emergence of linguistic competence within largely general-purpose association cortex. From this perspective, there may be no “music instinct” nor “language instinct” evolutionarily programmed into the higher reaches of the neocortex — our preeminent organ of cognitive intelligence — that is developmentally independent of our emotional urges.</span> The evolutionary infrastructure for music may be largely subcortical, and the emergence of emotional proto-musical communications in our species (e.g., motherese) may have set the stage not only for the eventual discovery of music but also for the emergence of propositional language.</span></blockquote>WAU. What are he saying? Harmonies and discord, as emotions, are basis for working memory and cognition?<br /><br />And 2011, together with C. Cromwell, in <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763411000273">Rethinking the cognitive revolution from a neural perspective: How overuse/misuse of the term ‘<span class="hit">cognition</span>’ and the neglect of affective controls in behavioral neuroscience could be delaying progress in understanding the BrainMind,</a><br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></span><blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Words such as </span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" class="hit">cognition</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">, motivation and emotion powerfully guide theory development and the overall aims and goals of behavioral neuroscience research. Once such concepts are accepted generally as natural aspects of the brain, their influence can be pervasive and long lasting. </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Importantly, the choice of conceptual terms used to describe and study mental/neural functions can also constrain research by forcing the results into seemingly useful ‘conceptual’ categories that have no discrete reality in the brain.</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> Since the popularly named ‘cognitive revolution’ in psychological science came to fruition in the early 1970s, the term </span><em style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">cognitive</em><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> or </span><em style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span class="hit">cognition</span></em><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> has been perhaps the most widely used conceptual term in behavioral neuroscience. These terms, similar to other conceptual terms, have potential value if utilized appropriately. We argue that recently <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">the term </span></span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-weight: bold;" class="hit">cognition</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"> has been both overused and misused. This has led to problems in developing a usable shared definition for the term and to promotion of possible misdirections in research </span>within behavioral neuroscience. In addition, we <span style="font-weight: bold;">argue that cognitive-guided research influenced primarily by top-down (cortical toward subcortical) perspectives without concurrent non-cognitive modes of bottom-up developmental thinking, could hinder progress</span> in the search for new treatments and medications for psychiatric illnesses and neurobehavioral disorders. Overall, linkages of animal research insights to human psychology may be better served by bottom-up (subcortical to cortical) affective and motivational ‘state-control’ perspectives, simply because the lower networks of the brain are foundational for the construction of higher ‘information-processing’ aspects of mind. Moving forward, rapidly expanding new techniques and creative methods in neuroscience along with more accurate brain concepts, may help guide the development of new therapeutics and hopefully more accurate ways to describe and explain brain-behavior relationships.</span></blockquote><span class="label"></span>Some conceptual distinctions that can be made between the affective and cognitive aspects of BrainMind functioning. These distinctions enable a separation between these psychological processes. The distinct properties include neural and functional processes that can guide how behavioral neuroscience research is completed and used by others ...<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2001, in <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B008043076701531X">Evolution of cognition</a>. </span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></span><blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Cognition is a product of the evolutionary process. The functional aspects of cognition, like any other functional aspect of organisms, are the result of adaptation by natural selection, and are subject to its principles. Because the developmental processes that construct cognitive mechanisms during an individual's lifetime will also have reproductive consequences for the organism, cognitive development will also be a target of natural selection. Hence, developmental and evolutionary accounts of cognition are complementary and not mutually exclusive. Developmental processes are responsible for the proximate construction of cognitive mechanisms during the lifetime of the individual, while evolutionary processes play a prior role in shaping the design and end products of the developmental processes. The adaptive organization of cognition should be studied from a functional, ecological perspective, taking the species' natural history into account, and using a variety of methods, including laboratory studies of cognition, neuropsychological dissociations, developmental studies, and phylogenetic/comparative research.</span></blockquote>So cognition could be a way to sweep away bad ideas and memes?<br /><br />It appears that the right amygdala is more strongly involved in <a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Emotional_memory" title="Emotional memory">emotional memory</a> formation, whereas the left amygdala is engaged by the retrieval of those memories (Sergerie et al., 2006), suggesting a potential hemispheric dissociation of amygdala involvement at different stages of emotional memory. In addition, amygdala responses are also linked to a novelty effect on memory tasks – i.e., the tendency to classify items as new as opposed to old (Sergerie et al., 2007).<br /><br />And in '<a href="http://www.flyfishingdevon.co.uk/salmon/year3/psy364-intro-psychobiology/panksepp_seven_sins.pdf">Seven Sins of Evolutionary Psychology</a>', he says: <span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">How the various abilities of the human mind were created during the long course of neural evolution. The conceptualization of a variety of special-purpose evolutionary solutions (e.g., genetically ingrained adaptive functions or ‘modules’) that may exist within the human brain. An uncritical enthusiasm for the gene’s-eye point of view can easily lead to conceptual excesses that go far beyond the available evidence.</span><br /><br />Ye, genes are expressing harmony and discords? <a href="http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v106/n4/full/hdy2010109a.html">Singing genomes</a>? WAU!<br />I found an Swedish Nature-article from 2011, H. Ellegren.<br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></span><blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">The genome size in birds is typically 30–50</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" class="mb">%</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> of that of mammals and, similar to what was observed in chicken genome sequencing, in zebra finch this can largely be explained by the low frequency of mobile repetitive elements (7.7</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" class="mb">%</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> of the genome). A set of these genes is differentially expressed in the auditory forebrain in song experiments and are thus candidates for involvement in vocalization and learning functions. Moreover, differentially expressed transcripts include a large number of non-coding RNAs, </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">indicating that other types of sequences than protein-coding genes might mediate complex cognitive behaviours, for example, microRNAs</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">.... yielding a catalogue of about 800 genes that </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">alter their expression in response to a song</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">.</span></blockquote>A disproportionately high number of ion channel genes among the 49 genes in the finch genome that are suppressed, <span style="font-weight: bold;">or turned off</span>, in response to song. Ion channels allow the movement of ions (electrically charged particles) across cell membranes. Human ion channel genes have been shown to play key roles in many aspects of behavior, neurological function and disease.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">What is this? Sound as egigenetic factor? Cognition as epigenetics, coming from the environment? A different spacetime affecting us? </span><br /><br />The <a href="http://www.genome.gov/27538645">male finch's throat</a> serves as a valuable model for studying human speech, communication and neurological disorders. "By comparing the finch genome with the human genome, we should now be able to expand our understanding of learned vocalization in humans. Such information may help researchers who are striving to develop new ways to diagnose and treat communication disorders, such as stuttering and autism," said NHGRI Director Eric D. Green. At first, a fledgling finch makes seemingly random sounds, much like the babble of human babies. With practice, the young bird eventually learns to imitate his father's song. Once the bird has mastered the family song, he will sing it for the rest of his life and pass it on to the next generation. Though female finches do perceive and remember songs, researchers suggest that their inability to learn songs may be due to differences in sex hormones, as well as chromosomal sex differences affecting the brain.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.las.illinois.edu/news/2009/zebrafinch/">David Clayton</a> was one of four leaders on the zebra finch genome central steering committee, along with colleagues from Washington University, UCLA, and Sweden.<br /><p style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></p><blockquote><p style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">“Biological organisms like ourselves have two main control systems,” Clayton explains. “There’s the genome and there’s the brain, and traditionally people have studied them as two different things. Neurogenomics tries to understand how these two control systems talk to each other—how they interact.”</p> <p style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Most recently, U of I neurogenomics research on zebra finches discovered that an enzyme, known primarily for its role in killing cells, also plays a part in memory formation. This research, by Clayton and former U of I colleague Graham Huesmann, could have implications in the treatment of memory impairments such as dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.</p><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Stephanie Ceman, another professor of cell and developmental biology, is also using zebra finches to look at the fragile X syndrome gene and its effect on vocal learning. In addition to cognitive impairment, fragile X syndrome causes defects in speech production</span></blockquote><br />p-adics and dark matter physics, says Matti in TGD, <a href="http://tgdtheory.com/public_html/genememe/genememe.html#dnatqc">DNA as a Quantum Topological computer (tqc).</a> (See also the new <a href="http://tgdtheory.com/public_html/pdfpool/dnatqccodes.pdf">Three new physics realizations of the genetic code and the<br />role of dark matter in bio-systems</a>).<br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></span><blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Tqc means that the braidings of braid strands de fine tqc programs and M-matrix, de fining the entanglement between states assignable to the end points of strands. This defi ne the tqc usually coded as unitary time evolution for Schrödinger equation. What happens in quantum</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> jump, which at least in a formal sense can be regarded as quantum computation (the moment of realisation)? <span style="font-weight: bold;">The DNA double strand for which sugar-phosphate backbone consists of XMPs, X= A,T,C,G containing negentropy carrying phosphate bonds can be seen as analogous to conscious brain with DNA strands representing right and left hemispheres.</span></span></blockquote><br />The Nature article continues,<br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></span><blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">By integrating the data from the assembly and the genetic map, it is possible to estimate the rate of recombination in different parts of the genome. This revealed a highly heterogeneous recombination landscape with one of the most pronounced ‘telomere effects’ seen in any species (</span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v106/n4/full/hdy2010109a.html#bib1">Backström et al., 2010</a><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">; </span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v106/n4/full/hdy2010109a.html#bib11">Stapley et al., 2010</a><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">). Up to 90</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" class="mb">%</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> of recombination events apparently occur in the terminal 10</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" class="mb">%</span><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> of the larger chromosomes; the central parts of chromosomes thereby essentially form recombination desserts.</span><br />The degradome (<a href="http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v106/n4/full/hdy2010109a.html#bib9">Quesada <i>et al.</i>, 2010</a>) and immunogenetics (<a href="http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v106/n4/full/hdy2010109a.html#bib2">Balakrishnan <i>et al.</i>, 2010</a>)...<br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">In a more detailed study, </span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v106/n4/full/hdy2010109a.html#bib8">Nam et al. (2010)</a><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> demonstrated <span style="font-weight: bold;">an overrepresentation of glutamate receptors among positively selected and differentially expressed genes in zebra finch song control loci.</span> Incidentally, the gene </span><i style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">ASPM</i><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">, which is associated with microcephaly in humans and has been implicated in the emergence of modern human cognition (a conclusion that has been questioned), is positively selected both in the zebra finch (</span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v106/n4/full/hdy2010109a.html#bib8">Nam et al., 2010</a><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">) and in the human lineage (</span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v106/n4/full/hdy2010109a.html#bib5">Evans et al., 2004</a><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">).</span></blockquote>Glutamate receptors are ON. GABA is OFF. But in this care the ON is just disturbing noise? GABA may create coherence?<br /><br />This could lead to better understanding of learning and memory, neural development and adaptation, and speech and hearing disorders."<br /><ul><li><a href="http://www.genome.gov/27538645">Songbird Genome Analysis Reveals New Insights Into Vocal Behavior</a>, 2010. NIH News</li><li><a href="http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Research/DIR/NatureSongbirdGenome.pdf">The genome of a songbird</a>, 2010</li><li><span class="f">H Ellegren</span> - <span class="f">2010, </span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><a href="http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v106/n4/full/hdy2010109a.html">Zebra finch genome sequenced<span style="font-weight: bold;">. </span>The singing genome</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></li><li><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>David Clayton and others, <a href="http://www.las.illinois.edu/news/2009/zebrafinch/">The Singing Genome</a>, Univ. of Illinois, 2009.<br /></li></ul><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">If cognition comes from outside, what is then Mind?</span><br /><br /><a href="http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/368/1914/1125.full">Denis Noble</a>, 2012. <blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">The modern field of computational biology has expanded rapidly during the first decade of the twenty-first century and, through its contribution to what is now called systems biology, it is set to revise many of the fundamental principles of biology, including the relations between genotypes and phenotypes. Evolutionary theory, in particular, will require re-assessment. <span style="font-weight: bold;">To succeed in this, computational and systems biology will need to develop the theoretical framework required to deal with multilevel interactions. </span></span></blockquote>Today he can look at the interactions of 20,000 different genes in a single experiment, says Clayton. Complexity at work?<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Mind mapping.</span><br />Mind works with categories and representations, more like a picture.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.imindmap.com/images/HowtoMindMap.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 398px; height: 298px;" src="http://www.imindmap.com/images/HowtoMindMap.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><a href="http://www.imindmap.com/personal/">Mind Map</a> is an amazing tool which can be applied to a variety of personal and family issues, decisions or dilemmas. Tony Buzan’s Mind Mapping techniques, gives you all the facilities you need to enhance your powers of self-analysis, problem solving and personal or family organisation.<br /><br />I saw this on Plato Hagels page. He connected it to internet, and mandalas (the lotus flower of chakras?). <a href="http://webscience.org/" target="-BLank" title="Creating a Science of the Web">Creating a Science of the Web</a>, <span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></span><blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">The Web is the largest human information construct in history. The Web is transforming society. The Web Science Research Initiative brings together academics, scientists, sociologists, entrepreneurs and decision makers from around the world. These people will create the first multidisciplinary research body to examine the World Wide Web and offer the practical solutions needed to help guide its future use and design.</span></blockquote>I have seen the same kind of tree describing the evolution of diseases. They can be categorized in clusters. Almost as Plato's picture of the internet connections.<br /><br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_cldxKGOzgeM/S6vlL2agCjI/AAAAAAAACiQ/7uqJhBP9EKw/s400/Internet_map_1024.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 402px; height: 402px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_cldxKGOzgeM/S6vlL2agCjI/AAAAAAAACiQ/7uqJhBP9EKw/s400/Internet_map_1024.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><i>Partial map of the Internet based on the January 15, 2005 data found on <a class="external text" href="http://www.opte.org/maps/" rel="nofollow">opte.org</a>. Each line is drawn between two nodes, representing two <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address" title="en:IP address">IP addresses</a>. The length of the lines are indicative of the delay between those two nodes. From Plato.</i><br /><br />Impressive. Note the centeredness.<br /><br />This was also on his post <a href="http://www.eskesthai.com/2011/10/neural-connections.html">Neural connections</a> on <i><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCLc6oB3Q3o&feature=player_embedded&noredirect=1">Evolution of a wiki</a></i>. He writes: <blockquote><i style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">the growth of <a href="http://wiki.tudelft.nl/" target="_top">wiki.tudelft.nl</a> since its beginning in late 2004. Since then, it has grown to over 10,000 pages, and is now part of the officially supported ICT infrastructure of <a href="http://www.tudelft.nl/" target="_top">Delft University of Technology</a>. This wiki is meant to be a free-form repository of information where people contribute content that helps with their research.</i></blockquote><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Brain connections.</span><br /><a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Cognition_and_emotion">Brain connectivity</a> <a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Graph_Theory" title="Graph Theory">graph</a>. Quantitative analysis of brain connectivity reveals several <span style="font-weight: bold;">clusters</span> of highly interconnected regions (represented by different colors). In this analysis, the amygdala (Amyg, centre of figure) was connected to all but 8 cortical areas. These connections involved multiple region clusters, suggesting that the amygdala is not only highly connected, but that its connectivity topology might be consistent with that of a <i>hub</i> that links multiple functional clusters. In this manner, the amygdala may be important for the integration of cognitive and emotional information. It is also important to consider the role of the <i>ascending systems</i>. There are also both feedback and feedforward loops that regulate the adaptations and <span style="font-weight: bold;">homeostasis</span>.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/images/thumb/c/ca/P08_F1.jpg/500px-P08_F1.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 323px;" src="http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/images/thumb/c/ca/P08_F1.jpg/500px-P08_F1.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><span class="mw-headline" id="Conclusion:_from_interactions_to_integration"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>This map reminds me of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman">Gerald Edelmans</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">reentrant brain loops</span>. He has won Nobel Prize on </span>his work on the immune system, and his later work is in neuroscience and in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a> and into the regulation of primary cellular processes, particularly the control of cell growth and the development in multi-celled organisms, focussing on cell-to-cell interactions in early embryonic development and in the formation and function of the nervous system. These studies led to the discovery of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_adhesion_molecules" title="Cell adhesion molecules" class="mw-redirect">cell adhesion molecules</a> (CAMs), which guide the fundamental processes that help an animal achieve its shape and form, and by which nervous systems are built. One of the most significant discoveries made in this research is that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Precursor_gene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precursor gene (page does not exist)">precursor gene</a> for the neural cell adhesion molecule gave rise in evolution to the entire molecular system of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immunity" title="Adaptive immunity" class="mw-redirect">adaptive immunity</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">.<br /><br />Topobiology</span> asserts that morphogenesis is driven by differential adhesive interactions among heterogeneous cell populations and it explains how a single cell can give rise to a complex multi-cellular organism. Edelman has asked whether we should attempt to construct <span class="mw-redirect">models</span> of functioning minds or models of brains which, through interactions with their surroundings, can develop minds. His answer is that we should make model brains and pay attention to how they interact with their environment. Edelman accepts the existence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">qualia</a> and incorporates them into his brain-based theory of consciousness. He explicitly locates his theory within Darwinism and natural selection (<span style="font-weight: bold;">neural Darwinism</span>) with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett">Daniel Dennet</a>. He rejects dualism and the so-called 'computational' model of consciousness.<br /><p>In Edelman's view, human consciousness depends on and arises from the uniquely complex physiology of the human brain:</p> <ul><li>the vast number of neurons and associated cells in the brain</li><li>the almost infinitely complex physiological variations in neurons (even of the same general type) and in their connections with other cells</li><li>the massive multiple parallel <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reentry_%28neural_circuitry%29" title="Reentry (neural circuitry)">reentrant</a> connections between individual cells, and between larger neuronal groups, and so on, up to entire functional regions and beyond.</li></ul> <span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"></span><blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Edelman's theory is strongly anti-reductionist and seeks to explain consciousness by reference to the extraordinarily rich and complex morphology of the brain. A newborn baby's brain comprises a massive population of neurons (approx. 100 billion cells) and those that survive the initial phases of growth and development will make approximately 100 trillion connections with each other. A sample of brain tissue the size of a match head contains about a billion connections, and if we consider how these neuronal connections might be variously combined, the number of possible permutations becomes hyper-astronomical—in the order of ten followed by millions of zeros.</span></blockquote><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_consciousness"><b>Primary consciousness</b> </a>is a term the American biologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> coined to describe the ability, found in humans and some animals, to integrate observed events with memory to create an awareness of the present and immediate past of the world around them. This form of consciousness is also sometimes called "sensory consciousness". Put another way, primary consciousness is the presence of various <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivity" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> sensory contents of consciousness such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensation_%28psychology%29" title="Sensation (psychology)">sensations</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceptions</a>, and mental images. Conversely, <a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_consciousness" title="Secondary consciousness">higher order consciousness</a> can be described as being "conscious of being conscious". The waking self recognizes the dreaming and can be seen as having a sort of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_consciousness" title="Secondary consciousness">secondary consciousness</a> in the sense that there is an awareness of mental state. <b><br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness">Awareness</a></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness"> </a>is the state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be <span class="mw-redirect">conscious</span> of events, objects or sensory patterns. In this level of consciousness, sense data can be confirmed by an observer without necessarily implying understanding. More broadly, it is the state or quality of being aware of something. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_psychology" title="Biological psychology" class="mw-redirect">biological psychology</a>, awareness is defined as a human's or an animal's perception and <span class="mw-redirect">cognitive</span> reaction to a condition or event. Awareness is a relative concept. An animal may be partially aware, may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subconscious" title="Subconscious">subconsciously</a> aware, or may be acutely unaware of an event. Awareness may be focused on an internal state, such as a visceral feeling, or on external events by way of sensory perception. Awareness provides the raw material from which animals develop qualia, or subjective ideas about their experience. Efforts to describe consciousness have focused on describing networks in the brain that develop awareness of the qualia developed by other networks.<br /><br />Basic awareness of one's internal and external world depends on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stem" title="Brain stem" class="mw-redirect">brain stem</a>, which supports an elementary form of conscious thought in infants. "Higher" forms of awareness including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a> require cortical contributions, but "primary consciousness" or "basic awareness" as an ability to integrate sensations from the environment with one's immediate goals and feelings in order to guide behavior, springs from the brain stem which human beings share with most of the <span class="mw-redirect">vertebrates</span>. Due to this discovery medical definitions of brain death as a lack of cortical activity face a serious challenge.<ul><li><span class="reference-text">Merker, B. (2007). Consciousness without a cerebral cortex: A challenge for neuroscience and medicine. <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>, 30(01), 63–81.</span></li></ul><p><span class="TexteContenu"><a href="http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_12/a_12_p/a_12_p_con/a_12_p_con.html#dehaene" target="_self" class="LienAvance">Jean-Pierre Changeux and Stanislas Dehaene</a> </span><span class="TexteContenu"> attempted to describe the various states that can be observed in this <a href="http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_12/i_12_p/i_12_p_con/i_12_p_con.html#3" class="LienIntermediaire">connectionist</a> model of consciousness and then tried to identify the mechanisms that let the mind pass from one of these states to another. </span><span class="TexteContenu">In contrast to Baars’s model and to several other brain-imaging studies that simply distinguished one conscious state from multiple unconscious ones, Changeux and Dehaene’s model distinguishes three different possible states of activation:</span></p> <table style="width: 400px; height: 432px;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td width="344"><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_12/i_12_p/i_12_p_con/i_12_p_con_5c.jpg" height="398" width="309" /></p><p><span class="TexteVignette">After Dehaene <em>et al</em>., 2006 [and McGill <a href="http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_12/i_12_p/i_12_p_con/i_12_p_con.html">here</a>]<br /></span></p></td><td class="TexteContenu" valign="top" width="192"><p><a name="baars"></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="mw-headline" id="Conclusion:_from_interactions_to_integration"><br /></span>- a first, <strong>subliminal</strong> processing state in which there is not enough <a href="http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_12/a_12_p/a_12_p_con/a_12_p_con.html#4" target="_self" class="LienAvance">bottom-up activation</a> to trigger wide-scale activation of the network; <p>- a second, <strong>preconscious </strong>state in which there is enough activation to access consciousness, but that is temporarily kept from doing so by a lack of <a href="http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_12/a_12_p/a_12_p_con/a_12_p_con.html#4" target="_self" class="LienAvance">top-down attention</a>; </p><p>- a third, <strong>conscious </strong>state that penetrates the global workspace when a preconscious stimulus receives enough attention to cross the consciousness threshold. </p><br /><span class="mw-headline" id="Conclusion:_from_interactions_to_integration">Damasio </span>separate the self into the proto-self, the core-self, and the autobiographical self, each one being more complex than the former.<br /><span class="mw-headline" id="Conclusion:_from_interactions_to_integration"><br />Conclusion: <a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Cognition_and_emotion">from interactions to integration</a></span>; in order to understand how complex behaviors are carried out in the brain, an understanding of the interactions between the two may be indispensable. Indeed, some studies have suggested that it may be important to go beyond understanding interactions, some of which are suggested to be mutually antagonistic, to understanding how cognition and emotion are effectively <i>integrated</i> in the brain. As stated recently, at some point of processing functional specialization is lost, and emotion and cognition conjointly and equally contribute to the control of thought and behavior (Gray et al., 2002). While these statements were offered as a summary of specific findings concerning working memory performance following mood induction (see above), they may aptly characterize a vast array of real-world situations.<br /><br /><a href="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSDBMg8BC3TTF77jzp1Dgh31VDEsrse6D_aUvsjsRX9kFi6eN_V8A"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 224px; height: 225px;" src="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSDBMg8BC3TTF77jzp1Dgh31VDEsrse6D_aUvsjsRX9kFi6eN_V8A" alt="" border="0" /></a>From: Billy Desmond, Angela Jowitt, (2012) "<a href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=17021072&show=html">Stepping into the unknown: dialogical experiential learning</a>", Journal of Management Development, Vol. 31 Iss: 3, pp.221 - 230<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Cartesian dualism.</span><br />Compare to an usual claim: "We just have to connect outgoing nerves with ingoing, and make a loop (of perception, is usually left out from this picture)<br /><br /><a href="http://evolutionaryphilosophy.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/280px-braininvat.jpg?w=600"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 280px; height: 226px;" src="http://evolutionaryphilosophy.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/280px-braininvat.jpg?w=600" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><a href="http://evolutionaryphilosophy.com/2012/04/06/a/">This image</a> from 'Cartesian Dualism and Brains In Vats', of a free-floating brain is one that occupies the imagination of neuroscientifically aware philosophers and philosophically minded neuroscientists everywhere. <blockquote><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Human understanding about how the brain functions grows seemingly everyday. And as it does so the idea that our experience of the world exists exclusively in our brains gets stronger – at least in the eyes of some.</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> </span><br style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><p style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Descartes sat down, on his bed I have been told, and decided to doubt everything so that he could find whatever it is that he could be absolutely sure of and then build up a picture of reality from there. His famous treatise called The Meditations is his account of his thought process in this experiment.</p><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> One line of inquiry that he followed rested on the common experience of dreaming. In dreams we experience the world and ourselves very convincingly. While we lie in bed asleep and unconscious to the ‘real’ world we are running around and acting in the ‘dream’ world as our ‘dream’ self. And so Descartes wondered if his experience of waking reality and waking self might also be a kind of dream created in his mind. Descartes came to the solution that reality was split into two realms – a realm of inner experience or mind, and a realm of outer extension or matter. This split between mind and matter, inner and outer has become so habitually how we see the world today that it is hard to imagine that it was at one time a novel idea. This is the Cartesian dualism.</span></blockquote>Descartes meant the Spirit? Antonio Damasio wrote 'Descartes mistake', claiming this view was wrong. He is not alone. Humans are made up of environment and 'Self', but what is that self? Genome? As we saw modifiated by environment and also hertied environment. Moving genes in and out of organisms? Travelling DNA. The 5% gene pool are shrinking?<br /><br />We have also what he called as-if loops inside the brain, used in thinking about the future etc.<br /><ul><li>Damasio, A.R. Descartes' error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain (G.P. Putnam, New York, 1994). </li></ul>On <a href="http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/psych/people/academic/jpickering/johnpickering/ivalo/">active information</a> in physics: Recent developments in psychology have seen radical challenges to cognitivism, the Cartesian project to describe the mind in formal computational terms. One of these is ecological psychology, an approach that rejects the Cartesian separation of mind and world as unproductive and unrealistic. There are some suggestive resemblances between ecological psychology and Bohm's approach centred on meaning and active information. Classical mechanics is only productive in respect of relatively simple and isolated systems near to equilibrium. It is quite unproductive when dealing with complex organic systems, that are highly interconnected and far from equilibrium. Moreover, as Prigogine's work suggests, the distinction between past, present and future is intrinsic to physics. It is not a phenomenological illusion attached to the human condition.<br /><br />The image is post-Cartesian, with the mind - matter division being replaced by a continuum.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Intution and collective mind.<br /></span><span>Intutions</span> are not thinking. They are percieved in a different way, free from brain? Intuitive thinking is a feeling (a sense) that doesn’t use rational processes such as facts and data. Good intuition comes from years of knowledge and experience...<br /><br />Intution can also be linked to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INTJ">personality types</a>.<br />Intuition is the ability to acquire knowledge without <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference" title="Inference">inference</a> or the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>, says <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition_%28psychology%29">wikipedia</a>. But reason is linked to formative causation. The "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateralization_of_brain_function" title="Lateralization of brain function">right brain</a>" is popularly associated with intuitive processes.<br /><br />An introverted intuitive type orients by images from the unconscious, ever exploring the psychic world of the Jungian <a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">archetypes</a>, seeking to perceive the meaning of events, but often having no interest in playing a role in those events and not seeing any connection between the contents of the psychic world and him- or herself. Jung's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">analytical psychological</a> theory of <a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">synchronicity</a> is equal to intellectual intuition?<br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a> postulated that intuition is the third of three stages of higher knowledge, coming after imagination and inspiration, and is characterized by a state of immediate and complete experience of, or even union with, the object of knowledge without loss of the subject's individual ego.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition_%28psychology%29#cite_note-22"><span></span></a><br /><br />Intution may be defined as understanding or knowing without conscious recourse to thought, observation or reason.<br /><br />Conscious intention comes too late to start (be the cause) of an action, but can it still play a role in voluntary action. Libet called this Readiness potential. The basic mistake (Dennett says): thinking of a “central headquarters” for consciousness.<br /><br />From a disembodied mind?<a href="http://newvaluestreams.com/wordpress/?p=1439" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Empirical Evidence for Collective Intelligence"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>Empirical Evidence for Collective Intelligence</a>.<span style="font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:100%;color:#333333;" >“<span style="font-style: italic;">We found that there is a general effectiveness, a group collective intelligence, which predicts a group’s performance in many situations</span>.”</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Motivation and cognition</span>.<br /><br /><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Emotion_Q-sort_Group_1_%281%29.jpg/400px-Emotion_Q-sort_Group_1_%281%29.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 397px; height: 298px;" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Emotion_Q-sort_Group_1_%281%29.jpg/400px-Emotion_Q-sort_Group_1_%281%29.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a>There are<a href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Textbook/Emotion/Theories/Cognitive"> many key cognitive theories</a> of emotion, but all theories centre around the same point, that it is <span style="font-weight: bold;">the cognitive appraisal of a situation,</span> not the event itself, that causes the emotion.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Perceptions of meaning.</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Bohm's concern with</span><a style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" href="http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/psych/people/academic/jpickering/johnpickering/ivalo/"> information and meaning</a><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> as the vehicle for causality touches on something these critiques of cognitivism have in common. To propose that meaning is the </span><em style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">modus operandi</em><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> of causality implies that the physical, biological or cultural, systems that support the mind are fundamentally semiotic and historical. One part of a mutually evolved system acts on another semiotically rather than mechanically. Organic systems interact by the exchange of signs rather than mechanical impulses. This will be obscured if the natural organic action within such a system is stopped and its vehicle dissected. If action, physical or psychological (which are the same), is decontextualised and constrained, it reduces to mechanics. Physical and biological order, and the cultural order which has evolved from it, is intrinsically historical and creative. The systems that emerge from and which are supported by these orders are, in Maturana's term, autopoietic. They originate their own structure and actively maintain it. The internal structure of such systems is coupled to the wider system within which it appears (Maturana & Varela, 1987).</span><br style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><br style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">As Prigogine has indicated, such systems persist by obtaining energy from their surroundings and then dissipating it in degraded form. As such dissipative systems move further from equilibrium, the web of information exchange that supports them becomes more complex (Swenson & Turvey, 1991). It is because of this complexity and the nonlinear interactions it promotes that the past, present and future become more clearly distinguishable. It is this that marks the radical departure from the classical world view. Time is in nature, it is not a phenomenological illusion, and time is the medium of evolution. As Popper points out, evolution is a knowledge process (Popper, 1990).</span><br style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><br style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Bohm emphasized that 'meaning' points two ways. It points to action, that is, what we 'mean' to do, and to perception, that is, what something 'means' to us. Meaning points from mind to world in the first case and from the world to mind in the second. For Bohm, meaning is the storehouse of accumulated action: "...</span><br style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><br style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Evolution is accompanied by as increase in the semiotic bandwidth of organic systems as they move further away from thermodynamic equilibrium (Swenson & Turvey, 1991).</span><br style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><br style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Electrons as well as human beings are sensitive to the meaning of their surroundings, not to meaningless mechanical impulses. However, this is not to attribute fully mind-like properties and potentials to elementary particles. This would be to promote the Cartesian error of taking mind to be an absolute, present in full human form or totally absent.</span><br style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><br style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-style: italic; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">Mental life, as a matter of meaning, experience and feeling, is not localised. It is present to a greater or lesser extent at all levels of the explicate order and in the meaning bearing fields and actions that pass both up and down these levels. Semiotics will be fundamental in developing the treatment of meaning and of the quality of experience as legitimate scientific objects. </span><br /><ul><li>After John Pickering, <a href="http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/psych/people/academic/jpickering/johnpickering/ivalo/">Active information in physics and ecological psychology</a>, last revised 2006.</li></ul><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763411000273"></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-42212567059810484202012-03-17T00:37:00.002-07:002012-03-17T00:42:18.516-07:0040 000 readers.The 40000 readers border has been passed.<br /><br />The top 10 posts:<br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-PS" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="380px" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-IT GKFKIV-P" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="gwt-HTML"><div class="GKFKIV-JT"> <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/06/window-into-phenomen-of-life.html" class="GKFKIV-FT">A window into the phenomen of Life?</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="GKFKIV-HT">Jun 19, 2010, 5 comments <br /></div></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="right"><div class="GKFKIV-HT"><span class="GKFKIV-NS">2,502</span> <span>Pageviews</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="10px" align="left"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-PS" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="380px" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-IT GKFKIV-P" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="gwt-HTML"><div class="GKFKIV-JT"> <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2009/08/chakras-and-colors-ii-love-and-pain.html" class="GKFKIV-FT">Chakras and the colors II. Love and pain.</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="GKFKIV-HT">Aug 10, 2009, 6 comments</div></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="right"><div class="GKFKIV-HT"><span class="GKFKIV-NS"> 1,859</span> <span>Pageviews</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="10px" align="left"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-PS" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="380px" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-IT GKFKIV-P" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="gwt-HTML"><div class="GKFKIV-JT"> <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/12/informational-problem-cell-membrane-and.html" class="GKFKIV-FT">The informational problem - cell membrane and prom...</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="GKFKIV-HT">Dec 23, 2010, 2 comments <br /></div></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="right"><div class="GKFKIV-HT"><span class="GKFKIV-NS">1,592</span> <span>Pageviews</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="10px" align="left"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-PS" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="380px" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-IT GKFKIV-P" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="gwt-HTML"><div class="GKFKIV-JT"> <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/06/origin-of-life-discussed-at-cern.html" class="GKFKIV-FT">The Origin of Life discussed at Cern.</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="GKFKIV-HT">Jun 11, 2011, 3 comments <br /></div></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="right"><div class="GKFKIV-HT"><span class="GKFKIV-NS">1,271</span> <span>Pageviews</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="10px" align="left"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-PS" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="380px" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-IT GKFKIV-P" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="gwt-HTML"><div class="GKFKIV-JT"> <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/09/informational-problem-telomeres-and.html" class="GKFKIV-FT">The informational problem - telomeres and loops.</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="GKFKIV-HT">Sep 26, 2010, 2 comments</div></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="right"><div class="GKFKIV-HT"><span class="GKFKIV-NS"> 1,043</span> <span>Pageviews</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="10px" align="left"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-PS" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="380px" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-IT GKFKIV-P" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="gwt-HTML"><div class="GKFKIV-JT"> <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/03/neural-communication-outside-synapses-i.html" class="GKFKIV-FT">Neural communication outside synapses I. The myste...</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="GKFKIV-HT">Mar 6, 2011, 2 comments</div></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="right"><div class="GKFKIV-HT"><span class="GKFKIV-NS"> 947</span> <span>Pageviews</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="10px" align="left"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-PS" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="380px" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-IT GKFKIV-P" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="gwt-HTML"><div class="GKFKIV-JT"> <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/04/new-physics-new-particles-new-forces.html" class="GKFKIV-FT">New Physics, new particles, new forces?</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="GKFKIV-HT">Apr 9, 2011, 13 comments</div></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="right"><div class="GKFKIV-HT"><span class="GKFKIV-NS"> 802</span> <span>Pageviews</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="10px" align="left"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-PS" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="380px" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-IT GKFKIV-P" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="gwt-HTML"><div class="GKFKIV-JT"> <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2011/02/russian-scientist-photographs-souls.html" class="GKFKIV-FT">Russian scientist photographs souls.</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="GKFKIV-HT">Feb 18, 2011, 5 comments<br /></div></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="right"><div class="GKFKIV-HT"><span class="GKFKIV-NS"> 555</span> <span>Pageviews</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="10px" align="left"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-PS" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="380px" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-IT GKFKIV-P" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="gwt-HTML"><div class="GKFKIV-JT"> <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2010/06/simplicity-complexity-about-condensed.html" class="GKFKIV-FT">Simplicity - complexity. About condensed matter an...</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="GKFKIV-HT">Jun 14, 2010, 1 comment</div></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="right"><div class="GKFKIV-HT"><span class="GKFKIV-NS"> 443</span> <span>Pageviews</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="10px" align="left"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-PS" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="380px" align="left"><table class="GKFKIV-IT GKFKIV-P" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="gwt-HTML"><div class="GKFKIV-JT"> <a href="http://zone-reflex.blogspot.com/2009/07/chakras-and-colors-i.html" class="GKFKIV-FT">Chakras and the colors I</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"><div class="GKFKIV-HT">Jul 26, 2009</div></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" align="right"><div class="GKFKIV-HT"><span class="GKFKIV-NS"> 440</span> <span>Pageviews</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td><td class="GKFKIV-CB GKFKIV-BB" style="vertical-align: bottom;" align="left"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Thanks to all.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-70913229798456589222012-03-16T13:31:00.004-07:002012-03-16T14:44:33.699-07:00Love and care, care and love.I dreamt of a winterland<br />in late mars<br />so white, so clean, so beautiful<br />the sun was shining<br />and it melted, icewater everywhere<br />tears?<br />people busy cleaning up<br />hiding tears<br /><br />I sat in the garden at home<br />a beautiful garden<br />the sun was shining<br />it was summer<br />and you was visiting<br />I have waited so long for your visit<br />I sat by your feets<br />feeling your smell<br />touching you<br />I took your hands<br />opened the hands<br />and laid my face in them<br />happiness<br />pure happiness<br />salvation<br />deep relief<br /><br />I shaked fiercly<br />could not control myself<br />told all those forbidden words<br />senseless<br />heard your voice so mild<br />your crisping voice<br />jokes that create explosions<br />puffies of joy<br /><br />you are free to come<br />free to go<br />free to love<br />but the rejection hurt so much<br />the echo is so strong<br /><br />the bonds are stronger than ever<br />strong ropes, I feel them so much<br />I have cleaned the places<br />cut the bands<br />tored out the grey mat of threads<br />that was in whole me<br />the queen, the living dead<br />my heart<br />my chest was teared open<br />my yelling stumbness, silent voice<br />looking helpless, dumb, our dead child...<br />that you loved so much<br />please don't go<br />don't go<br /><br />I could not go<br />my legs did not obey me<br />laughs and ridicule<br />was my share<br /><br />When does the responsibility cease<br />for a soul<br />for someone you love<br />can you ever, ever say<br />enough, I quit<br />because the child<br />even if dead<br />is coming back to you<br />your loved one you abandoned<br />will come in your way<br />and you have to go it through again<br />see the wounds<br />try to heal them<br />tie the knots of Life<br />with love and care<br />care and love<br />with the heart as wide and open<br />as the sky, Nut<br />holding everything in the arms<br /><br />I don't love you because you are perfect<br />a Godlike man<br />no, far from that<br />I love the imperfect man and soul<br />with all the weaknesses and failures<br />that need a friend, a soul<br />to relieve the burdens<br />see in the eyes<br />and see the real you<br />behind all curtains of smoke<br /><br />Love ends<br />when you become perfect<br />a God<br />that need nobody<br />neither love nor care<br />care nor love<br /><br />Pure diamond<br />with a heart of ice and snow<br /><br /><br />These are the dreams coming to me, living in me, expanding me....Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-63163718671958550922012-02-23T22:51:00.006-08:002013-04-26T02:53:38.939-07:00About protons and atoms.The highest resolution image of a single atom ever taken.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/490/cache/extreme-imaging-contest-single-atom_49054_600x450.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/490/cache/extreme-imaging-contest-single-atom_49054_600x450.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 322px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a>Ben Norton and supervisor David Kielpinski, of Griffith University's <a href="http://www.griffith.edu.au/science-aviation/centre-quantum-dynamics">Centre for Quantum Dynamics</a> in Australia, developed new techniques to capture an atom, which is about 400th billionths of a meter across. The research areas of the Centre include <i>attosecond science, atomic and molecular dynamics in ultrafast fields, atom optics, quantum optics, quantum information and computation, and fundamental quantum mechanics. </i>The team also took the first-ever image of the shadow of a single atom, at their smallest, are only one tenth of a millionth of a millimetre across.<br />
<br />
Norton <a href="http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/profile/5319/capturing-a-single-atom">has captured</a> the highest resolution images ever of a single atom with the help of a special lens. The atoms were imaged in an ion trap that was built from the ground up. By cooling the atoms down to absolute zero (-273.25 degrees Celsisus), he is able to reduce any movement. Norton then traps the atoms in an ultra-high vacuum that contains less air than outer space and holds them in place for a 'photo opp' using electric fields. These lenses can be made so small and light that they can be put inside the vacuum chamber with the atoms, allowing to collect as much light as possible.<br />
<br />
<img alt="Extreme imaging wins science praise" src="http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/2012/extremeimagi.jpg" /><br />
Ben Norton's remarkable image of an atom was runner up in the CiSRA Extreme Imaging Competition. Credit: Griffith University. From<a href="http://phys.org/news/2012-02-extreme-imaging-science.html"> Phys.org.</a><br />
The smallest trapped ion spot size that they captured high resolution images of was 370nm. <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/1367-2630/13/11/113022/pdf/1367-2630_13_11_113022.pdf">Here</a> is the link to the paper by Ben Norton et al, Millikelvin spatial thermometry of trapped ions. New Journal of Physics 13 (2011) 113022.<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">The strong Coulomb coupling makes laser-cooled trapped ions attractive for sympathetic cooling at millikelvin temperatures in investigations of fundamental physics [7], dynamics of complex molecular [8, 9] and biomolecular [10] ions, nano-mechanical oscillators [11, 12], resonant electric circuits [13] and Bose–Einstein condensates [14].</span></blockquote>
Look, what pictures! They cannot be bringed here!<br />
Images of a trapped ion for three different external heating rates.<br />
Errors were dominated by systematic uncertainty. All images were taken with the laser detuned 15MHz from resonance. The ion signal was integrated for 2 s in all three images.<br />
<br />
Norton's basic research is in atomic physics, using lasers to interact with atoms. The team is now hoping to use the high resolution images of single atoms to understand how atoms behave.<br />
Precise imaging of atoms can help scientists understand physics as a whole, the new field of quantum computing, and possibly even ultra-high resolution imaging of cells in the body.<br />
The dynamics of quantum systems are systems composed of microscopic particles such as photons, electrons, and atoms, the behaviour of which is governed by quantum mechanics, and is very different from the familiar behaviour of macroscopic systems.<br />
<a href="http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/image/0003/58881/Eight_ion_crystal-270x58.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/image/0003/58881/Eight_ion_crystal-270x58.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 58px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 270px;" /></a><br />
A crystal of 8 ions trapped by electric fields, from <a href="http://www.griffith.edu.au/science-aviation/centre-quantum-dynamics">the Centre for Quantum Dynamics</a>. <br />
Another one! The February 21, 2012 press release from the Centre for Quantum Dynamics is entitled “<a href="http://www3.griffith.edu.au/03/ertiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=35283" target="_blank">Single atoms talk to electric circuits at Griffith</a>."<a href="http://www.itwire.com/science-news/energy/52924-got-one-atom-now-we-can-use-it-in-an-electrical-circuit"><br /></a><br />
<a href="http://www.itwire.com/science-news/energy/52924-got-one-atom-now-we-can-use-it-in-an-electrical-circuit">Scientists at Griffith University’s Centre for Quantum Dynamics </a>have advanced quantum computing in a big way with their ability to manipulate one atom within an electrical circuit, what is called atom-based quantum communications. They have been able to use a single atom to transfer information within an electrical circuit.<br />
The scientists involved with this research compare their ability to manipulate a single atom to communicate within an electrical circuit with the much older process of getting <i>“voices … transmitted over radio.”</i><br />
By this Australian-American team<i> “… could have far-reaching implications for the future of secure communications and code breaking.”</i> <br />
Dr. <a href="http://www.griffith.edu.au/science-aviation/centre-quantum-dynamics/staff/dave-kielpinski" target="_blank">Dave Kielpinski</a>, the chief investigator on this project and a professor at Griffith University, from the <a href="http://www3.griffith.edu.au/03/ertiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=35282">press release</a>: <i> "Atom-based quantum communication is guaranteed to be secure by the laws of physics, so the atom-circuit interface can extend this security to electronic devices. </i><i>They are also excellent sensors for acceleration, gravity, and electrical fields. But working with them requires exotic laser and vacuum technologies. The atom-circuit interface will let us plug atom-based devices into more widespread electronic technology such as computers. </i><i>This is the first time that the quantum theory of a single atom has been combined with a quantum electrical model. Quantum mechanics normally manifests itself on a microscopic scale. While well isolated single atoms can readily be controlled on the quantum level, large objects such as computers normally behave classically.”</i><br />
The paper highlighting this work will be published in the journal <a href="http://prl.aps.org/" target="_blank">Physical Review Letters</a> -- within the February 24, 2012 issue.<br />
<a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/07/100707-science-proton-smaller-standard-model-quantum-physics/">"Proton Smaller Than Thought—May Rewrite Laws of Physics."</a> from 2010. The hydrogen atom is also seen as the “Rosetta Stone” of quantum physics.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/230/cache/proton-smaller-than-thought_23015_600x450.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/230/cache/proton-smaller-than-thought_23015_600x450.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 299px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a><b>Smaller Proton Size Revealed by Lasers.</b><br />
In a <a href="https://muhy.web.psi.ch/wiki/index.php/Main/HomePage" id="t.g9" title="ten-year experiment">ten-year experiment</a>, a team led by <a href="http://www.mpq.mpg.de/cms/mpq/en/people/Pohl_Randolf.shtml" id="i3wg" title="Randolf Pohl"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Randolf Poh</span>l</a> of the Max-Planck Institute of Quantum Optics in Garching, Germany, used a specialized particle accelerator to alter hydrogen atoms into <a href="https://muhy.web.psi.ch/wiki/index.php/Main/HomePage">'muonic hydrogen'</a>. The team replaced the atom's electron with a particle called a muon, which is 200 times more massive than an electron.<br />
"Because the muon is so much heavier, it orbits very close to the proton, so it is sensitive to the proton's size," said team member Aldo Antognini, of the Paul-Scherrer Institute in Switzerland.<br />
Muons are unstable, and they decay into other particles in just 2.2 microseconds. The team knew that firing a laser at the atom before the muon decays should excite the muon, causing it to move to a higher energy level—a higher orbit around the proton. The muon should then release the extra energy as x-rays and move to a lower energy level. The distance between these energy levels is determined by the size of the proton, which in turn dictates the frequency of the emitted x-rays. <br />
Errors possible:<br />
- the Rydberg constant hasn't been correctly measured. This value describes the way light gets emitted from various elements—a key component of spectroscopy.<br />
- the smaller size of a proton could mean the equations in QED theory will fail<br />
<a href="https://muhy.web.psi.ch/wiki/index.php/Main/Motivation">The spectroscopic determination</a> of the Lamb shift of the energy levels in muonic hydrogen in 2010 yielded a value for the proton radius which was significantly smaller than deduced from previous measurements – a fact that still puzzles the scientific community. Present knowledge of the (root-mean-square) proton charge radius which does not depend on hydrogen spectroscopy comes from electron scattering experiments. A recent reanalysis of all electron-proton scattering data [1], accounting for Coulomb distortion and using a parametrization that makes it possible to include data at higher q<sup>2</sup>, finds a radius of 0.895(18) fm, <span style="font-weight: bold;">i.e. the uncertainty is as large as 2%</span>. A measurement of the muonic Lamb shift with 30 ppm precision will determine the proton radius <span style="font-weight: bold;">with 0.1% precision</span>. <br />
For years the accepted value for the radius of a proton has been 0.8768 femtometers, where a femtometer equals one quadrillionth of a meter. Now the scientists detected x-rays at an assumed proton radius of 0.8418 femtometers—4 percent smaller than expected. If it proves correct, it means something fundamental is wrong in particle physics.<br />
The size of a proton is an essential value in equations that make up the 60-year-old theory of quantum electrodynamics, a cornerstone of the Standard Model of particle physics. The Standard Model describes how all forces, except gravity, affect subatomic particles. But the proton's current value is accurate only by plus or minus one percent—which isn't accurate enough for quantum electrodynamics, QED, to work perfectly.<br />
<br />
See:<br />
<div id="wikitext">
<ul>
<li><a class="urllink" href="https://muhy.web.psi.ch/wiki/uploads/Main/muon_beam.flv" rel="nofollow">Animation of the experiment</a> </li>
<li><a class="urllink" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EsHNNj6Dcls&feature=player_embedded" rel="nofollow">Movie about experimental setup</a></li>
<li><a class="selflink" href="https://muhy.web.psi.ch/wiki/index.php/Main/PR"><span style="color: red;">Press release</span></a></li>
<li><a class="selflink" href="https://muhy.web.psi.ch/wiki/index.php/Main/PR"><span style="color: red;"></span></a><span class="selflink">Homepage</span><a class="selflink" href="https://muhy.web.psi.ch/wiki/index.php/Main/PR"><br /></a><ul>
<li><a class="wikilink" href="https://muhy.web.psi.ch/wiki/index.php/Main/Introduction">Introduction</a> </li>
<li><a class="selflink" href="https://muhy.web.psi.ch/wiki/index.php/Main/Motivation">Motivation</a> </li>
<li><a class="wikilink" href="https://muhy.web.psi.ch/wiki/index.php/Main/Experiment">Experiment</a></li>
<li><a class="wikilink" href="https://muhy.web.psi.ch/wiki/index.php/Main/Collaboration">People</a> </li>
<li><a class="wikilink" href="https://muhy.web.psi.ch/wiki/index.php/Main/Publications">Publications</a> </li>
<li><a class="wikilink" href="https://muhy.web.psi.ch/wiki/index.php/Main/Links">Links</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<span id="formatbar_Buttons" style="display: block;"><span class="" id="formatbar_CreateLink" onmousedown="CheckFormatting(event);FormatbarButton('richeditorframe', this, 8);ButtonMouseDown(this);" onmouseout="ButtonHoverOff(this);" onmouseover="ButtonHoverOn(this);" onmouseup="" style="display: block;" title="Link"></span></span>Awards: “<a href="http://www.mpq.mpg.de/cms/mpq/en/news/awards/pdf/2011/PR_11_08_12.pdf">European Research Council Starting Grant” in August 2011</a>.<br />
Spectroscopy of muonic hydrogen in 2010 yielded a tenfold precision in the measurement of the protonic radius. However, the result showed a large discrepancy with previous measurements. The new project “Charge Radius Experiment with Muonic Atoms” is meant to solve this puzzle. By extending the spectroscopy of muonic hydrogen to muonic helium it will be possible to measure the size of its nucleus with tenfold precision. This will also shed some light on the proton size puzzle. “I have spent twelve years on measuring the charge radius of the proton”, Randolf Pohl says. “It may again take a long time to find the resonance of muonic helium. On the other hand, when we are successful, the gain will be huge, as progress in fundamental physical constants is notoriously slow.”<br />
<br />
Professor Stefan Kuhr: “Single-atom-resolved detection and manipulation of strongly correlated fermions in an optical lattice” was the other reciever.<br />
Because the interaction of fermions with each other is quite different from the interaction of bosons, the new project requires a completely new experimental setup. Among others, this work will lead to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that give rise to macroscopic properties of matter such as magnetism or superconductivity.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.mpq.mpg.de/cms/mpq/en/news/awards/archiv/2011/11_11_18.html"><b style="font-weight: normal;">...and Gustav Hertz Award of the</b> German Physical Society<b style="font-weight: normal;">, DPG, in nov 2011.</b></a> with Antognini, will be given Stuttgart in March 2012.<br />
<div class="vspace">
From the<a href="https://muhy.web.psi.ch/wiki/index.php/Main/HomePage"> homepage</a>: in order to improve the determination of </div>
<ul>
<li>the proton charge radius by a factor of 20 (to 1x10<sup>-3</sup> relative accuracy) </li>
<li>the deuteron charge radius by a factor of 20 (to 1x10<sup>-3</sup> relative accuracy) </li>
<li>the Rydberg constant by a factor of 6 (to 1x10<sup>-12</sup> relative accuracy) </li>
<li>the proton magnetic radius (Zemach radius) to 1x10<sup>-2</sup> relative accuracy </li>
<li>the deuteron polarizability </li>
</ul>
<div class="vspace">
and extend the test of bound-state quantum electrodynamics (QED) theories in hydrogen and deuterium to a level of 3x10<sup>-7</sup>. </div>
Latest publications:<br />
Randolf Pohl, Aldo Antognini, et.al. <b>The size of the proton</b>, Nature, vol. 466, issue 7303, pp. 213-216 (2010).<br />
Randolf Pohl, Aldo Antognini, et al. <b>The Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen</b>, Can. J. Phys. vol. 89, pp. 37–45 (2011).<br />
Aldo Antognini, et al. <b>Illuminating the proton radius conundrum: the muonic helium Lamb shift</b>, Can. J. Phys. vol. 89, pp. 47–57 (2011).<br />
<br />
See also TGD, 2010, <a href="http://matpitka.blogspot.com/2010/07/incredibly-shrinking-proton.html" style="font-weight: bold;">The incredibly shrinking proton</a> and a more detailed article <a href="http://vixra.org/pdf/1111.0017v1.pdf">here</a>.<br />
<br />
Interesting things! Keep the eyes open!<br />
<br />
<b>Addendum</b>: <a href="http://phys.org/news/2012-07-photo-shadow-atom.html#ajTabs">First photo of shadow of single atom</a><small><a class="textTag" href="http://phys.org/archive/03-07-2012/"> July 3, 2012</a></small><br />
<br />
<a href="http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/2012/firstphotoof.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/2012/firstphotoof.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img align="left" alt="First photo of shadow of single atom" border="0" height="400" src="http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/2012/firstphotoof.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
<br />
<b>In an international scientific breakthrough, a Griffith
University research team has been able to photograph the shadow of a
single atom for the first time.</b><br />
"We have reached the extreme limit of microscopy; you can not see anything smaller than an atom using <a class="textTag" href="http://phys.org/tags/visible+light/" rel="tag">visible light</a>," Professor Dave Kielpinski of Griffith University's Centre for <a class="textTag" href="http://phys.org/tags/quantum+dynamics/" rel="tag">Quantum Dynamics</a> in Brisbane, Australia.<br />
"We wanted to investigate how few <a class="textTag" href="http://phys.org/tags/atoms/" rel="tag">atoms</a> are required to cast a shadow and we proved it takes just one," Professor Kielpinski said.<br />
Published this week in <i>Nature Communications</i>, "<a class="textTag" href="http://phys.org/tags/absorption/" rel="tag">Absorption</a> imaging of a single atom "is the result of work over the last 5 years by the Kielpinski/Streed research team.<br />
At the heart of this Griffith University achievement is a super
high-resolution microscope, which makes the shadow dark enough to see. <br />
<img align="middle" alt="First photo of shadow of single atom" height="280" src="http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/2012/1-firstphotoof.jpg" width="320" /><br />
Holding an atom still long enough to take its photo, while remarkable
in itself, is not new technology; the atom is isolated within a chamber
and held in <a class="textTag" href="http://phys.org/tags/free+space/" rel="tag">free space</a> by electrical forces.<br />
Professor Kielpinski and his colleagues trapped single atomic ions of
the element ytterbium and exposed them to a specific frequency of
light. Under this light the atom's shadow was cast onto a detector, and a
digital camera was then able to capture the image.<br />
"By using the ultra hi-res microscope we were able to concentrate the
image down to a smaller area than has been achieved before, creating a
darker image which is easier to see", Professor Kielpinski said.<br />
The precision involved in this process is almost beyond imagining.<br />
"If we change the frequency of the light we shine on the atom by just
one part in a billion, the image can no longer be seen," Professor
Kielpinski said.<br />
<br />
<div class="infobox">
<b>Journal reference:</b>
<a class="textTag" href="http://phys.org/journals/nature-communications/" rel="news">Nature Communications</a>
</div>
<div class="infobox">
<b>Provided by</b>
<a class="textTag" href="http://phys.org/partners/griffith-university/" rel="news">Griffith University</a>
</div>
<br />
<b><b></b></b><b></b><br />
And <br />
<a href="http://phys.org/news/2011-04-scientists-quantum-breakthrough.html#nRlv">Scientists make quantum breakthrough</a><br />
<small><a class="textTag" href="http://phys.org/archive/20-04-2011/">April 20, 2011</a></small><br />
<br />
“We have shown that when <a class="textTag" href="http://phys.org/tags/atoms/" rel="tag">atoms</a>
in a vacuum chamber are guided inside a laser light beam, they too can
create a speckle pattern - an image of which we have captured for the
first time”.<br />
The team trapped a cloud of cold helium atoms at the focus of an intense <a class="textTag" href="http://phys.org/tags/laser+beam/" rel="tag">laser beam</a>
pointed downwards at the imaging system, and then gradually turned down
the laser intensity until the speckled image appeared. The work was
done with PhD students Sean Hodgman and Andrew Manning.<br />
“We then made the atoms even colder,” says team leader Dr Andrew
Truscott, “until they behaved more like waves than particles, forming a
single quantum wave called a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). When the
BEC was loaded into the guide, the speckle pattern disappeared, showing
that just one mode was being transmitted – the single quantum wave.”<br />
The physicists demonstrated that by measuring the arrival time of the
atoms on the imaging system, they were able to distinguish between the
multimode (speckled image) guiding, and the single-mode (smooth image)
guiding.<br />
“Measurements for the multi-mode beam showed the atoms arriving in
groups as a result of their interference – so-called atom bunching,”
said team member Dr Robert Dall. “However, the BEC represents just a
single quantum mode with no interference, so when we guided the BEC - we
saw no bunching.”<br />
The guiding behaviour agreed with a theoretical model developed by
team member Mattias Johnsson. “We have shown that atoms can be guided
in a laser beam of light, with the same properties as light guided in an
optical fibre made of glass,”<br />
<b>More information:</b> Observation of atomic speckle and Hanbury
Brown–Twiss correlations in guided matter waves, Nature Communications
2, Article number: 291 <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1292" target="_blank">doi:10.1038/ncomms1292</a><br />
<b>Abstract</b>
<br />
Speckle patterns produced by multiple independent light sources are a
manifestation of the coherence of the light field. Second-order
correlations exhibited in phenomena such as photon bunching, termed the
Hanbury Brown–Twiss effect, are a measure of quantum coherence. Here we
observe for the first time atomic speckle produced by atoms transmitted
through an optical waveguide, and link this to second-order correlations
of the atomic arrival times. We show that multimode matter-wave
guiding, which is directly analogous to multimode light guiding in
optical fibres, produces a speckled transverse intensity pattern and
atom bunching, whereas single-mode guiding of atoms that are
output-coupled from a Bose–Einstein condensate yields a smooth intensity
profile and a second-order correlation value of unity. Both first- and
second-order coherence are important for applications requiring a fully
coherent atomic source, such as squeezed-atom interferometry.<br />
<b>Provided by</b> Australian National Universit<br />
<br />
= Flux tubes, massless extremals with Kähler language.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-73843703461478952642012-02-20T00:18:00.006-08:002012-11-01T01:59:48.191-07:00The mystery of Life solved?Biochemist, <a href="http://www.case.edu/med/microbio/andrulis.htm">PhD Erik Andrulis</a>, expert on RNA metabolism and life, has published a paper "<span style="font-style: italic;">Theory of the Origin, Evolution, and Nature of Life</span>," and you can <a href="http://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/2/1/1/pdf">download the whole thing for free from the peer-reviewed journal <i>Life</i></a>, in the Special Issue "<a href="http://www.mdpi.com/journal/life/special_issues/origin_life_feature/">Origin of Life - Feature Papers</a>" (with <a href="http://www.mdpi.com/search/?s_journal=life&s_special_issue=1431">6 papers</a>, of which S. Kauffman also contributed). The paper created a violent rejection of 'mainstream' scientists, so they call in <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">a journalist</span> Jesse Emspak for their defense. The whole thing reminds much of the way Benveniste, <a href="http://www.homeopathy.co.nz/resources-2/video-jacques-benveniste-heretic/">'the heretic</a>' was treated, <a href="http://www.google.fi/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=benveniste%20magic&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDkQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWater_memory&ei=sodDT8TxDqjE4gSr_9SpCA&usg=AFQjCNF81HnDiRPZHuIRlXQzAKwaaocHXg&cad=rja">when the magicer Randi was called in</a> to disclaim his work. Why is such things happening? This man Andrulis belongs to mainstream himself, but his insights took a giant jump, and so he is rejected, because the ordinary scientists are too ignorant. They cannot even discuss it? This is a shame for the scientific world. He thinks of the Holy Grail of Life, the billion research industry of today, and is rejected without discussion, just misunderstandings and misquotes? What a pity! So, lets take a look.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Earth as a lifelike self-organized state, the Gaia theory.</span><br />
So, what did he say that was so dangerous? <a href="http://io9.com/5880786/biochemist-publishes-a-unified-theory-of-life-but-no-one-understands-it">Earth is living!</a> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a> by James Lovelock (and Lynn Margulis). (The theory homeside <a href="http://www.gaiatheory.org/">here</a>.) But there are actually hints for it being true. Even Lubos discusses this (negatively still). It says that <span style="font-weight: bold;">all organisms and their inorganic surroundings on Earth are closely integrated to form a single and self-regulating </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_system" style="font-weight: bold;" title="Complex system">complex system</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">, maintaining the conditions for </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" style="font-weight: bold;" title="Life">life</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> on the planet. </span>The self-organizing system and Gaia theory is also <a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/l450t1674r807358/">here</a> with plants as a part of the biota Earth. <a href="http://blog.vixra.org/2010/04/17/crackpots-who-were-right-8-james-lovelock/">Phil Gibbs</a>: <span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">At 86 Lovelock is no longer considered a crank. He is appreciated as the founder of a new area of science investigating the relationship between biological systems and the atmosphere. Without his insight we would have been much slower to understand the negative effects we have been having on our climate through pollution.</span><span style="color: black;"><br />A book</span><span class="bodycopy"> by Eileen Crist and H. Bruce Rinker</span><span style="color: black;"> from 2009</span><span style="color: black; font-style: italic;"> </span><a href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=11919" style="color: black;"><span class="pagetitle" style="font-style: italic;">Gaia in Turmoil</span><span class="bodycopy" style="font-style: italic;">, Climate Change, Biodepletion, and Earth Ethics in an Age of Crisis</span>.</a><br />
<span class="bodycopy"></span><span class="bodycopy"><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"></span></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span class="bodycopy"><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">Gaian theory, which holds that Earth's physical and biological processes are inextricably bound to form a self-regulating system, is more relevant than ever in light of increasing concerns about global climate change. The Gaian paradigm of Earth as a living system, first articulated by James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis in the 1970s, has inspired a burgeoning body of researchers working across disciplines that range from physics and biology to philosophy and politics. </span><i style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">Gaia in Turmoil</i><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> reflects this disciplinary richness and intellectual diversity, with contributions (including essays by both Lovelock and Margulis) that approach the topic from a wide variety of perspectives, discussing not only Gaian science but also global environmental problems and Gaian ethics and education.</span></span><br />
<span class="bodycopy"><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">...focus first on the science of Gaia, considering such topics as the workings of the biosphere, the planet's water supply, and evolution; then discuss Gaian perspectives on global environmental change, including biodiversity destruction and global warming; and finally explore the influence of Gaia on environmental policy, ethics, politics, technology, economics, and education.</span></span><br />
<span class="bodycopy"><i style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"></i><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">... breaks new ground by focusing on global ecological problems from the perspectives of Gaian science and knowledge, focusing especially on the challenges of climate change and biodiversity destruction.</span></span></blockquote>
<span class="bodycopy"><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"></span> David Abram, Donald Aitken, Connie Barlow, J. Baird Callicott, Bruce Clarke, Eileen Crist, Tim Foresman, Stephan Harding, Barbara Harwood, Tim Lenton, Eugene Linden, Karen Litfin, James Lovelock, Lynn Margulis, Bill McKibben, Martin Ogle, H. Bruce Rinker, Mitchell Thomashow, Tyler Volk, Hywel Williams.<br /></span>Al Gore wrote a book entitled <span style="font-style: italic;">Earth in the Balance</span>, where he wrote sympathetically about the Gaia hypothesis of an earth spirit. Dr. <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Stephen-H.-Schneider/e/B001K8IXWS/ref=ntt_dp_epwbk_0">Stephen H. Schneider</a> (with many books, latest from 2009,<span id="btAsinTitle"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Climate-Change-Science-Stephen-Schneider/dp/1597265675/ref=ntt_at_ep_dpt_1"><span style="font-style: italic;">Climate Change Science and Policy</span></a></span> one of the most comprehensive and current reference resource on climate change available) a climatologist and Penelope Boston, complex systems bioloy, cited the Gaia theory in his book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Scientists-Gaia-Stephen-H-Schneider/dp/0262691604"><span style="font-style: italic;">Scientists on Gaia</span></a>, on global warming. “...is there a Goddess of the Earth?” and "The Gaia hypothesis suggests that life is an active participant in shaping the physical and chemical environment on which it depends." This is a common way to charachterize Life in biology. He is one of several scientists who contributed to the 2004 book, <span style="font-style: italic;">Scientists Debate Gaia.</span> A description of the book declares, “Despite initial dismissal of the Gaian approach as New Age philosophy, it has today been incorporated into mainstream interdisciplinary scientific theory, as seen in its strong influence on the field of Earth System Science.” <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Schneider">Schneider</a> won the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize together with Al Gore. He has been threated many hundred times also death-threats, but he died of heart-attack at 65. Sad with such stress. Has it made his death? He has written another book <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Science-Contact-Sport-Inside-Climate/dp/B002YX0F4M/ref=pd_sim_b_1"><span style="font-style: italic;">Science as a Contact Sport: Inside the Battle to Save the Earth's Climate</span> </a>about science as a network of 'best brothers' scientists.<br />
<br />
<span class="bodycopy">So Andrulis is in good company.<br /><br />The critizing <a href="http://io9.com/5880786/biochemist-publishes-a-unified-theory-of-life-but-no-one-understands-it">article</a>:</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">The trans-disciplinary theory demonstrates that purportedly inanimate, non-living objects—for example, planets, water, proteins, and DNA—<span style="font-weight: bold;">are animate, that is, alive </span>. . .</span></span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></blockquote>
He didn't say so. A misquote. He [Andrulis] doesn't say that everything is alive, exactly, though he says gyres have <span style="font-weight: bold;">"lifelike characteristics."</span> So Andrulis doesn't say what Emspak just told us he does say? Maybe the space spinors should be extended? Today we have spacelike, timelike and lightlike spinors, maybe there should be lifelike too? Or can the lifelike charachteristics have something with the lightlike Universe to do? In this case it is clearly not life, but maybe its precusors? TGD actually talk of these same things. Essential for life is a consciousness, coherence and synchrony.<br />
<br />
Jesse Emspak (not scientist) just published an article at Space.com titled<a href="http://www.space.com/14416-crackpot-theory-reveals-dark-side-peer-review.html"> “Crackpot Theory of Everything Reveals Dark Side of Peer Review.</a>” talking about the peer review process, and the dark side of modern science propaganda.<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #727f6e; float: left; margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px;"><br /></span><a href="http://i.space.com/images/i/14933/original/fractals-spinning-spiral.jpg?1328020291"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://i.space.com/images/i/14933/original/fractals-spinning-spiral.jpg?1328020291" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 299px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff;">Erik Andrulis of Case Western suggest everything around us oscillates between excited and ground states as objects pivot around the center of these<span style="font-weight: bold;"> lifelike gyres</span>, or spinning spirals.</span><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="color: #3333ff;"> CREDIT: <a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-177520p1.html">R.T. Wohlstadter</a> | <a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/">Shutterstock</a> </span></span><br />
<br />
On <a href="http://www.case.edu/med/microbio/andrulis.htm">the University page</a> Andrulis writes: <br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">My group has been asking two broad questions: How does the spatiotemporal control of RNase interactions and post-translational modifications relate to RNase recognition and metabolism of specific classes of RNAs in living cells? How does RNase activity relate to cell structure and function? To answer these questions, we are studying Dis3, Rrp6, and the ribonucleometabolic exosome. Dis3 is a processive, sequence-nonspecific 3' to 5' RNase that is homologous to eubacterial RNase R/II. Rrp6 is a distributive, sequence-nonspecific 3' to 5' RNase similar to eubacterial RNase D. The exosome is a multi-subunit complex or set of complexes that contain(s) putative RNases (Rrp41, Rrp42, Rrp43, Rrp45, Rrp46, Mtr3 are eukaryotic homologs of the eubacterial RNase PH) and the S1 RNA-binding domain proteins Rrp4, Rrp40, and Csl4. We have proposed and are testing the hypothesis that these subunits assemble into multiple independent, functionally interrelated complexes called exozymes.<br /><br />Extending upon this RNA research, I recently compiled an incommensurable, trans-disciplinary, neologistical, axiomatic theory of life from quantum gravity to the living cell.</span></blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"></span><span style="font-style: italic;"></span>The <a href="http://io9.com/5880786/biochemist-publishes-a-unified-theory-of-life-but-no-one-understands-it">article says</a>:<span style="font-style: italic;"> </span><br />
<blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3904639295706642486" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: #3333ff;">To test his paradigm, Dr. Andrulis designed bidirectional flow diagrams that both depict and predict the dynamics of energy and matter. While such diagrams may be foreign to some scientists, they are standard reaction notation to chemists, biochemists, and biologists. Dr. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Andrulis has used his theory to successfully predict and identify a hidden signature of RNA biogenesis</span></span></span><span style="color: #3333ff;">...<span style="color: black;">the exozyme model. </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004051/?tool=pubmed" style="color: black;"></a></span></blockquote>
So he has some kind of proofs? The abstract: <span style="color: #3333ff;"><span style="color: black;">Full text </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004051/?tool=pubmed" style="color: black;">here.</a></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">Exosome complexes are composed of 10 to 11 subunits and are involved in multiple facets of 3' → 5' RNA processing and turnover. The current paradigm stipulates that a uniform, stoichiometric core exosome, composed of single copies of each subunit, carries out all RNA metabolic functions in vivo. While core composition is well established in vitro, available genetic, cell biological, proteomic, and transcriptomic data raise questions about whether individual subunits contribute to RNA metabolic functions exclusively within the complex. Here, we recount the current understanding of the core exosome model and show predictions of the core model that are not satisfied by the available evidence. To resolve this discrepancy, we propose the exozyme hypothesis, a novel model stipulating that while exosome subunits can and do carry out certain functions within the core, subsets of exosome subunits and cofactors also assemble into a continuum of compositionally distinct complexes-exozymes-with different RNA specificities. The exozyme model is consistent with all published data and provides a new framework for understanding the general mechanisms and regulation of RNA processing and turnover.</span></blockquote>
<br />
In TGD Matti talks of <a href="http://tgdtheory.com/public_html/magnconsc/magnconsc.html#mantleufo">'Gaias womb' in evolution</a>. Earth is a coherent field body that acts as controlling agent. Also with consciousness and lifelike properties. <a href="http://tgdtheory.com/public_html/pdfpool/prebio.pdf" style="font-style: italic;">Did Life evolve in the womb of Gaia?</a> Matti also talks of DNA and life, water, plasmoids, lightnings etc. as lifelike. We have looked at the exosome and its 1:10-fold fractality as in electron:proton.<br />
<br />
<br />
<span id="formatbar_Buttons" style="display: block;"><span class="" id="formatbar_CreateLink" onmousedown="CheckFormatting(event);FormatbarButton('richeditorframe', this, 8);ButtonMouseDown(this);" onmouseout="ButtonHoverOff(this);" onmouseover="ButtonHoverOn(this);" onmouseup="" style="display: block;" title="Link"><span style="font-weight: bold;">The gyre model?</span></span></span><br />
In a wry article about Andrulis' work, <a href="http://http//arstechnica.com/science/news/2012/01/how-the-craziest-fing-theory-of-everything-got-published-and-promoted.ars"><i>Ars Technica</i>'s John Timmer summed the paper up</a>:<br />
<blockquote style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">
The basic idea is that everything, from subatomic particles to living systems, is based on helical systems the author calls "gyres," which transform matter, energy, and information. These transformations then determine the properties of various natural systems, living and otherwise. What are these gyres? It's really hard to say; even Andrulis admits that they're just "a straightforward and non-mathematical core model" (although he seems to think that's a good thing). Just about everything can be derived from this core model; the author cites "major phenomena including, but not limited to, quantum gravity, phase transitions of water, why living systems are predominantly CHNOPS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur), homochirality of sugars and amino acids, homeoviscous adaptation, triplet code, and DNA mutations."</blockquote>
First the 'gyres'. What are they? Andrulis: <br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">One reason for their theoretical appeal is that gyres are detectable throughout the cosmic and tellurian realms.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Astronomically</span>, galaxies, solar systems, comets, and lunar bodies gyrate.</span><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Atmospherically</span>, tornadoes, hurricanes, eddies, and vortex streets are all gyres. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Oceanographically</span>, there are seven major gyres.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Molecularly,</span> numerous nucleic acid and protein structures—DNA double helix, RNA hairpins, pseudoknots, α-helices, coiled coils, and β-propellers—all gyrate. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Cellularly</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">organismally</span>, shells, horns, antennae, flagellae, and the cochlea all carry a spiral imprint.<br />Given its theoretical pedigree, empirical ubiquity, and dynamic character, the gyre appears, a posteriori, to be a prime candidate for a core model of natural systems.</span></blockquote>
<b>Gyre</b> - a round shape formed by a series of concentric circles (as formed by leaves or flower petals) <a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gyre">The Free Dictionary</a>.<br />
<div class="Syn">
<a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/curl">curl</a>, <a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/curlicue">curlicue</a>, <a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ringlet">ringlet</a>, <a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/scroll">scroll</a>, <a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/whorl">whorl</a>, <a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/coil">coil</a>, <a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/roll">roll </a>A spiral oceanic surface current<br />
<a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/roll"></a></div>
<div class="Rel">
<a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/corolla">corolla</a> - (botany) the whorl of petals of a flower that collectively form an inner floral envelope or layer of the perianth; "we cultivate the flower for its corolla"</div>
<div class="Rel">
<a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/calyx">calyx</a> - (botany) the whorl of sepals of a flower collectively forming the outer floral envelope or layer of the perianth enclosing and supporting the developing bud; usually green</div>
<div class="Rel">
<a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/round+shape">round shape</a> - a shape that is curved and without sharp angles</div>
<div class="Rel">
<a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/verticil">verticil</a> - a whorl of leaves growing around a stem<br />
<br />
Wikipedia says: A <b>gyre</b> is any manner of swirling <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortex</a>, particularly a natural phenomenon. It can refer to <br />
<ul>
<li>An <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">ocean gyre</a>, its most common meaning.</li>
<li>A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclone</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane" title="Hurricane">hurricane</a>.</li>
<li>A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelstrom" title="Maelstrom">maelstrom</a></li>
<li>A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">whirlpool</a>.</li>
<li>A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a>.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Gyre_%28T-AGOR-21%29" title="USNS Gyre (T-AGOR-21)">USNS Gyre (T-AGOR-21)</a>, a research ship.</li>
</ul>
Yeah, is this a physical description? Why on Earth go to this? Why use 'a black box' for the physical description, and say he has gone to quantum mechanics level, when physicists are trying to explain things with first principles and basic natural laws. To only use simplicity and Occams razor isn't enough? Eintein said: "<span style="font-style: italic;">Simple, but not simpler than it is</span>". He didn't explain his motives for doing like this in the text. A 'core model'? Yeah, but the core is ad hoc used to tie togeteher microcosmos and macrocosmos. The idea is good, though, but it must be deduced from physical principles. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex">Wikipedia</a>:<br />
<div style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">
</div>
<blockquote>
A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex"><b>vortex</b></a> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">spinning</a>, often <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulent</a>, flow of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a>. Any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral" title="Spiral">spiral</a> motion with closed <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamlines,_streaklines_and_pathlines" title="Streamlines, streaklines and pathlines">streamlines</a> is vortex flow. The motion of the fluid swirling rapidly around a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_%28geometry%29" title="Center (geometry)">center</a> is called a vortex. The speed and rate of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">rotation</a> of the fluid in a free (irrotational) vortex are greatest at the center, and decrease progressively with distance from the center, whereas the speed of a forced (rotational) vortex is zero at the center and increases proportional to the distance from the center. Both types of vortices exhibit a pressure minimum at the center, though the pressure minimum in a free vortex is much lower.</blockquote>
The outcome of his fundamental gyre functions is 13 additional gyreprinciples or axioms. A gyre glossary is added to the article. Andrulis tries to introduce a novel idea.<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">Life is complex and perplexing. It should come as no surprise that modeling life is a complicated</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> procedure. Likewise, explaining a theory of life is an arduous task. Thus, prior to proceeding, I issue several warnings regarding the model and theory.</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">The gyromodel is incommensurable with prior and existing theories.</span> Thus, the reader must judge this theory by two criteria: the principle of parsimony, or Ockham’s Razor—the scientific principle dictating that things behave or are connected in the simplest and most economical fashion—and the ability to explain the available scientific data. Another challenge is discovered in the lexicon, where I have redefined established terms and created and applied ~100 new words to identify, explain, and interconnect distinct aspects of the theory. Creating a new vocabulary yields, on the one hand, a single, tight system to unify multiple disparate scientific languages. On the other hand, simultaneously supplanting the vernaculars of physics, chemistry, and biology may cause a high degree of frustration. Together, the foreign symbolism, semantics, and lexicon make comprehending the gyromodel difficult. As more is different, one must think differently to interpret more. Finally, this theory challenges long-held assumptions, guiding philosophies, ad hoc models, cherished paradigms, ossified boundaries, and, quite regrettably, patience.</span><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">These warnings represent a full and sincere disclosure of the difficulties in effectively presenting</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> my model and theory and of convincing the reader of its scientific merit.</span></blockquote>
Ye??? And restricted references, but still p66-105. He use only one or two references to defend a position or to guide the reader.</div>
<br />
<a href="http://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/2/1/1/ag"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/2/1/1/ag" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 257px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 250px;" /></a>A schematic picture of a gyre from Andrulis <a href="http://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/2/1/1/">article</a>. It starts from the lepton in ordinary matter, and is both expanding and compressing etc. at the same time depending on energy movement (thermodynamics). It also makes up for the relations between elements as oxygen (O), carbon (C), phosphor (P) , amins (A) etc. up to cell. In this model microcosmos cannot be divided from macrocosmos.<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">Here, for brevity, I highlight only one theoretical solution for each gyrosystem. The electrogyre explains quantum gravity, unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity in a frame beyond the standard model [753]; the oxygyre explains the mysterious properties of water [133]; the carbogyre explains the emergence of hydrocarbons in the Earth’s mantle and crust, resolving the biotic/abiotic petroleum debate [754]; the phosphogyre explains why phosphorus is “life’s bottleneck [755]” and the dominant roles of phosphate in biology [756]; the ribogyre solves the problem of novel genetic information [757-759]; the aminogyre explains the origin and nature of the translation apparatus, one of theoretical biology’s grand unsolved problems [488,760]; the genogyre clarifies the correct relationship of DNA, protein, and RNA, quelling anonymous protestations against the central dogma [761,762]; and the cellulogyre reveals that life originates in any biosphere wherever the thermodynamics of information, energy, and matter are accommodating, consistent with ideas regarding hierarchical complexification of and in the universe [763]. Together, the theoretical framework confirms what many modern theoretical physicists have proposed: that the classical world is “quantum all the way [764].” p 62.</span></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Some forms of gyres: (a) Electrogyre, (b) Oxygyre, (c) Carbogyre, (d) Phosphogyre, (e) Ribogyre, (f) Aminogyre, (g) Genogyre, (h) Cellulogyre, photograph of Cirripathes spiralis, a coral species, p 29.<br />
<br />
Gyre thermodynamics and forms: <br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Gyres are open thermodynamic entities</span> that require energy and matter mobilization to establish and maintain themselves. Being open systems, gyres import energy and matter from their surroundings into themselves, ebb and flow energy and matter within themselves, and dissipate energy and matter from themselves into their surroundings. Reducing or increasing amounts of energy and matter elicits gyre contraction or expansion, respectively. When efflux or influx is acute, extreme, or unsustainable, a gyre collapses. A gyre staves off collapse through autoregulation: a gyre feeds into itself, regulating its own rotational rate, size, composition, motion, and trajectory. Gyre autoregulation is spatiotemporally internal and/or external, proximal and/or distal, negative and/or positive. Consistent with its autoregulatory bent, a gyre maintains homeostasis—internal responsiveness and balance—by oscillating material around its singularity, a consequence of alternating between extreme countervailing forces within itself. Previewing the application of the gyromodel to life, the cell is an open thermodynamic entity that has numerous, discrete layers of autoregulation</span></blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">The geometric form created is called a hypersphere; this shape is compatible with ideas regarding the thermodynamic expansion of the universe </span>[42,43]. Still, in nature, <span style="font-weight: bold;">there is manifest directionality</span>, such as that observed in the N- to C-terminal orientation of the protein chain or 5’ to 3’ orientation of nucleotide polymers. Though gyromodels are depicted as having a left-to-right vectorization, this is simply a two-dimensional restriction of the artistic approach. From this two-dimensional perspective, one revolution of a gyre is seen as a circle or oval. A circle, when viewed in three dimensions, is a cycle. Closing this circle of thought: a cycle viewed in the context of time, or four dimensions, looks like a rotating spiral, helix, or gyre. Foreshadowing, any cycle that exists in nature—in physical, chemical, or biological systems—may be viewed as a gyre.<br /><br />Fourth Law of Thermodynamics. The theoretical framework sheds light on how life maintains order and complexifies in spite of entropy: the repulsive force of the gyradaptive singularity elevates a particle to its excited state, offsetting the effects of it cycling to the ground state. The gyromodel thus confirms the existence of the fourth law of thermodynamics [770],<span style="font-weight: bold;"> the ordering law of the universe</span>. p 63.<br />Given the law of relativity, IEM order and disorder are demonstrated to be relative to the singularity. Further, given the law of complementarity, universal order and disorder paradoxically co-exist. In proving this contradictory fact, my theory does not “collapse in deepest humiliation [781],” but rather reflects and honors the true nature of the physical world. p 64.</span></blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">All natural gyres harbor two countervailing forces: attraction and repulsion. </span>Paradoxically, the gyre singularity both attracts and repels energy and matter and thus is “attractorepulsive.” These unified yet contradictorily dual (diune) forces exert paradoxical effects. Gyre forces occur both within an individual gyre and also between and among gyres. For example, two transverse gyres exhibit constructive interference when synchiral (same chirality) and destructive interference when antichiral (opposing chirality). Alternatively, the fine-tuning and balancing of two contradictory forces results in neutrality, immutability, and immobility—identifiable characteristics of physical systems.</span></blockquote>
Gravity and antigravity? Or positive and negative energy? Like a <a href="http://prespacetime.com/index.php/pst/article/view/278">Zero Energy Ontology</a> and <a href="http://rxiv.org/pdf/1111.0057v2.pdf">Kähler action</a> behind massivation <a href="http://tgdtheory.com/public_html/">inTGD</a>?<br />
<div style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">
</div>
<blockquote>
<div style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">
The identification of the spectrum of light particles reduces to two tasks: the construction of massless states and the identification of the states which remain light in p-adic thermodynamics. The latter task is relatively straightforward. The thorough understanding of the massless spectrum requires however a real understanding of quantum TGD. It would be also highly desirable to understand why p-adic thermodynamics combined with p-adic length scale hypothesis works. A lot of progress has taken place in these respects during last years.</div>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">Zero energy ontology providing a detailed geometric view about bosons and fermions, the generalization of S-matrix to what I call M-matrix, the notion of finite measurement resolution characterized in terms of inclusions of von Neumann algebras, the derivation of p-adic coupling constant evolution and p-adic length scale hypothesis from the first principles, the realization that the counterpart of Higgs mechanism involves generalized eigenvalues of the modified Dirac operator...</span></blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"></span><br />
<span style="color: black;">About <a href="http://rxiv.org/pdf/1111.0057v2.pdf">formative forces</a> in TGD:</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"><br /></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">The string world sheets in Euclidian regions would de ne the analogs of the minimal surfaces in Euclidian AdS5 and the string world sheets in Minkowskian regions the analogs of Minkowskian AdS5. The magnitudes of the areas would be identical so that they might be seen as analytical continuations of each other in some sense. Note that partonic 2-surfaces would belong to the intersection of Euclidian and Minkowskian space-time regions. This argument tells nothing about possible momentum space analog of M4 x CP2.</span><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">The strong form of General Coordinate Invariance implies e ffective 2-dimensionality (holding</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> true in finite measurement resolution) so that also a strong form of holography emerges. The</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> expectation is that Chern-Simons terms in turn reduces to 2-dimensional surface terms.</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> The only physically interesting possibility is that these 2-D surface terms correspond to areas</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> for minimal surfaces de fined by string world sheets and partonic 2-surfaces appearing in the</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> solution ansatz for the preferred extremals. String world sheets would give to </span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Kähler action</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> an imaginary contribution having interpretation as Morse function. This contribution would be</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> proportional to their total area and assignable with the Minkowskian regions of the space-time</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> surface. Similar but real string world sheet contribution de fining </span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Kähler function</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> comes from the Euclidian space-time regions and should be equal to the contribution of the partonic 2-surfaces. A natural conjecture is that the absolute values of all three areas are identical: this would realize duality between string world sheets and partonic 2-surfaces and duality between Euclidian and Minkowskian space-time regions.</span><br style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;" /><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">Zero energy ontology combined with the TGD analog of large Nc expansion inspires an educated</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> guess about the coeffcient of the minimal surface terms and a beautiful connection with</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> p-adic physics and with the notion of nite measurement resolution emerges. The t'Hooft coupling should be proportional to p-adic prime p characterizing particle. This means extremely</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> fast convergence of the counterpart of large Nc expansion in TGD since it becomes completely</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> analogous to the pinary expansion of the partition function in p-adic thermodynamics. Also the</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> twistor description and its dual have a nice interpretation in terms of zero energy ontology. This</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> duality permutes massive <span style="font-weight: bold;">wormhole contacts</span> which can have off mass shell with wormhole throats which are always massive (also for the internal lines of the generalized Feynman graphs).</span></blockquote>
Actually Andrulis comes out with the same figures as in TGD, with Matrioshka dolls, hierarchy (sub/supragyres resp CD-diamonds) and infinite fractality, nesting/wormholes etc.<br />
Stuart Kauffman talks about work cycles as thermodynamic entities too. About the history of the independent invention in 1971 by T. Ganti, M. Eigen and Kauffman of three alternative theories of the origin of molecular replication: the Chemotron, the Hypercycle, and <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life1010034">Collectively Autocatalytic Sets, CAS</a>, respectively.<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">To date, only collectively autocatalytic DNA, RNA, and peptide sets have achieved molecular</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> reproduction of polymers. Theoretical work and experimental work on CAS both support</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> their plausibility as models of openly evolvable protocells, if housed in dividing</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> compartments such as dividing liposomes. My own further hypothesis beyond that of CAS</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> in themselves, of their formation as a phase transition in complex chemical reaction</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> systems of substrates, reactions and products, where the molecules in the system are</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> candidates to catalyze the very same reactions, now firmly established as theorems, awaits</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> experimental proof using combinatorial chemistry to make libraries of stochastic DNA,</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> RNA and/or polypeptides, or other classes of molecules to test the hypothesis that</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> molecular polymer reproduction has emerged as a true phase transition in complex</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> chemical reaction systems.</span></blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">An essential feature of the CAS above is that they can be purely exergonic. Real cells link</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> exergonic and endergonic reactions in complex webs of reactions, and perform work cycles such as chemo-osmotic pumps.</span><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">i. Consider a hypothetical world in which only exergonic reactions can be coupled;</span><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">ii. Consider a hypothetical world in which exergonic and endergonic reactions can be coupled.</span><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">Almost a Theorem: The richness of the web of coupled reactions is far greater if exergonic and</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> endergonic reactions can be coupled, than if only exergonic reactions can couple. In turn, the more complex the web of coupled reactions, together with the chance that molecules in the web are catalysts for the same reactions, the easier it is to form collectively autocatalytic sets. There may well be a selective advantage in the formation of CAS to link exergonic and endergonic reactions.</span></blockquote>
Thus a central point. <br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">IF exergonic and endergonic processes are linked, there is no point in eating unless a work cycle is completed. It is useless to take in food, or a renewed energy source, (the second explosive charge placed in the base of the cannon), if a work cycle is not completed. Work cycles are necessary to the efficacy of feeding if exergonic and endergonic processes are linked.</span></blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"></span><br />
But...<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">Real cells need both energy, and to perform thermodynamic work cycles by which spontaneous (exergonic) and non-spontaneous (endergonic) processes are linked into large webs of cyclic and cross cyclic processes, which are in fact work cycles. At present we know that simple substances, such as pyrophosphate, might serve as driving energy sources; but that might still be a trivial extension from purely exergonic CAS, driven by pyrophosphate.</span><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">Real cells use proton gradients, e.g., mitochondria use ATP to drive endergonic reactions. We have little theory about the emergence of work cycles in protolife, although we know that life is a</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> non-equilibrium process. From the above, if we link exergonic and endergonic processes, there must be completed work cycles for food to be useful. As Schrodinger said in What is Life? we eat</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> negentropy and excrete entropy. However, Schrodinger missed the need for work cycles if exergonic and endergonic processes are linked. We have had no theory for how far-from-equilibrium cells do work cycles. Carnot showed maximum energy efficiency for work cycles if performed infinitely slowly, i.e., adiabatically. Although, if the work cycle is needed for cell or protocell reproduction, such a cell will lose the Darwinian race, implying that energy efficiency must be the wrong concept.</span></blockquote>
So, why do we eat? Ingest, take in information etc. Act as a negative entropy system? We need 'negative negative entropy' to maintain the system? The same as quantum computer scientists have realized. Wells, memory... to minimize dissipation, scattering, negative interference? Negative interference destroys coherence and collapse into decoherence.<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">With Tommi Aho and Olli Yli-Harja at the Tampere University of Technology Finland, we [27]</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> have taken a model of E. coli metabolism, calculated biomass production rate per unit fuel use rate, plotted on the Y axis versus fuel (glucose) use rate on the X axis. We find a unimodal distribution with a maximum at a finite rate of glucose utilization per unit time, a power efficiency maximization point, which seems interesting because it picks out a preferred displacement from chemical equilibrium, maximizing the efficiency of cell reproduction per unit fuel used. This criterion is related to K, not R selection in ecology, i.e., selection, not for a high reproduction rate, but for sustained reproduction when food resources are limited. If this is a general condition in life, for example in bacterial colonies, or ecosystems, we may have found a principle for an optimal power efficiency in the work cycles of life.</span><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">Current work shows that this theory fits the empirical data available somewhat better than the</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> standard model of “most rapid growth.” More bacteria tune their growth rate based on their density by quorum sensing, perhaps bringing bacterial colonies to a power efficiency optimum.</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">When power efficiency is maximized, heat production should be minimized such that, a maximum amount of the energy available to cells is going into reproduction of cells, not into waste heat. If this is correct, life does NOT maximize entropy production and flattening energy gradients, but maximizes power efficiency per unit food utilized, under K selection, at a specifiable optimal displacement from equilibrium where it may minimize entropy production compared to reproduction rate.</span></span></blockquote>
Andrulis about particle-wave <span style="font-weight: bold;">Unity</span> (not duality): <br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">The gyromodel clarifies how a quantum has both wave and particle qualities: as one particle oscillates between two extreme gyrostates, its gyratory path creates an undulating pattern that is detected as a wave. When many particles oscillate around the same or different singularities, they create constructive or destructive waveforms. When the gyromodel is considered as a gyre, it manifests classical wave characteristics: wavelength, amplitude, and frequency. When considered as a quantum, it exhibits particle characteristics: translational, rotational, and vibrational movement. The gyromodel thus accounts for particle spin.</span></blockquote>
A bit summaristic. I would want some description about different kinds of spin and particles. He also talk of gyres as linking macrocosmos (GR) to microcosmos (QM) but nothing about SR as link and its spacetime model. Nothing about Zero Points as infinite points, grids or dynamos, binding together. Not much of physics at all. This is a typical biologist, thinking he doesn't need physics? This I cannot accept. About antimatter: <br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">An outstanding question in physics is why there is so little antimatter in the physical universe [119,120]. Microcosmically, the tertiary electrogyre shows the electron cycling out the thermodynamic support of the triphoton. Given synchiral organization of the tertiary majorgyre gyrobase, the electron destabilizes and ultimately collapses due to the synchiral sub2gyre (not shown) in lieu of the antichiral subgyre, modeling the positron. The extreme creatodestructive swing of the electrogyre thus provides an explanation for the fleeting presence, or absence, of antimatter in the universe.</span></blockquote>
Really no 'explanation'. (Compare to annihilation of vortex <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yb0r67_I424">video</a>. Abelian Higgs Model 2+1 dimensions ~ superconducting vortices annihilating to oscillons by Joel Thorarinson). Andrulis just talks of an collapse, and not the energetic addition of forces, nor the reason why we have antimatter as counterbalancing force for gravity.<br />
He establish strict <span style="font-style: italic;">non-cognitive</span> meanings for learning and memory. The Machine model. "<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">Learning is a continual, unstable, and energetically demanding affair. Gyre learning, or gyrognosis, is the process by which the gyradaptor </span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">repels the particle </span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">from the gyrobase to the gyrapex. Memory, by comparison, is a relativistically stable and energetically conserving phenomenon. The process of <span style="font-weight: bold;">storing IEM (energy) </span>in gyre memory, or gyromnemesis... gyre learning and memory are relative to the gyradaptive singularity</span>."<br />
A Self, but no cognition nor consciousness? No true realizing of a meaning or quale? He talks about qualias: "<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">Information, in turn, is the distinct patterns</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> or organizations of energy and matter, with these patterns detectable by observation and quale".</span><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">Theory in eight subsections, each detailing a discrete, empirically defined system that is amenable to theoretical modeling: visible matter, water, organic matter, phosphomembrane,</span><span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"> RNA, protein, DNA, and cell. This theoretical framework concomitantly depicts both the microcosm— the biology, chemistry, and physics of the existing living cell—and the macrocosm—the astrophysical and biogeophysichemical (geospheric, hydrospheric, atmospheric, biospheric) process underlying the evolution of life on Earth. Hence, subdividing this framework into separate parts defined by scale, by field, by topic, or by evolutionary spacetime is not scientifically appropriate for modeling life in toto.</span></blockquote>
Meaning of Life.<br />
<div style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">
</div>
<blockquote>
<div style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">
Life has many definitional meanings but lacks a complete and consistent scientific explanation. In this work, I have pursued and arrived at a scientific answer to the Schrödingerian question, “What is Life? [1].” <span style="font-weight: bold;">Traditionally, the living cell is commonly called “animate” and all other</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> biospheric and cellular chemicals and molecules are called “inanimate.” However, this theory and the law of vortex motion prove that all these physical systems gyrate and are, as such, “animated.”</span> Moreover, theory-defined laws of unity and correspondence require that life and Earth evolve as one, with thermodynamically appropriate conditions (the fitness of the biosphere [788,789]). Unexpectedly, then, <span style="font-weight: bold;">this theory reveals that Earth—or, for that matter, any celestial, physical, chemical, and molecular system—is alive, that is, synonymous with life.</span> Given this definitional and conceptual upheaval, I propose that a very open and candid discussion of the meaning of life—well beyond this text—is in order. On this topic, it may be useful to consider <span style="font-weight: bold;">how scientifically redefining life elucidates non-scientific, eudaemonic meanings of “life,” “living,” or “alive,” related to ontology, consciousness, sentience, behavior, vocation, or social interactions.</span></div>
<div style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">
The gyre models the living universe perfectly. <span style="font-weight: bold;">I have been unable to find one system, particle, event, or process—at any point or stage leading up to or during the origin of life—that does not consent to modeling onto the gyre form. </span>In other words, there is no “before” or “after” the gyre in a spacetime sense; the gyre is evolutionarily and existentially omnipresent.</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">
</div>
As concluding remark: <br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">In science and theory, the principle of parsimony dictates that the most straightforward, plain, and frugal model of an observation or set thereof is more favorable and likely right. As my theoretical framework coalesces a vast amount of accumulated scientific evidence into one neat, lawful, and interconnected modular structure, it abides by this principle. In conclusion, this catholic theory provides an innovative and elegant solution to the origin, evolution, and nature of life in the cosmos. I humbly offer my theory as a viable system for knowing life.</span></blockquote>
This paper must be seen as premature, with no discussion and links to other ideas. And it is very far from a theory. He makes Life reductionistic, ordinary matter, like a computer intelligence, and doesn't explain how it differ from ordinary matter. Abelian and non abelian math? He says it is non-mathematical? No funding source supported this work. no, certainly not.<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;"></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">I did not provide gyrosystems to model much of the scientific evidence related to astrophysics, particle physics, and cosmology before the electrogyre, nor did I integrate organismal, ecological, and ethological data after the cellulogyre. I predict that further gyromodel application will reveal its explanatory breadth and power. For example, given that complexity theorists find there to be a unifying organization in ecosystems, language, and economics.</span></blockquote>
But the scaling-question? The problem of thermodynamics in open systems? Does this paper really 'explain' anything? Testable? He says there are tests. To me it looks more like a scientific frame or overview, very similar to <span style="font-style: italic;">the theory</span> TGD, but lifeless, without consciousness and cognitions. He wants to redefine Life, yes, but is this the way? Everyone can feel themselves how a stone differ from a cell or animal. No, I am not satisfied. But as idea it is interesting. Just replace the gyre with a cone. This is very far from the beautiful TGD Universe.<br />
<span style="color: #3333ff; font-style: italic;">The aminogyre makes some very profound and testable predictions about the specificity of the genetic code and how proteins behave, lengthen and shorten, and fold and unfold in response to physical and biometabolic changes or changes in genetic information content of RNA.</span> -well this is his speciality, so he should know.<br />
The papers in the Life Special Issue was:<br />
<span class="authors"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.mdpi.com/search/?q=&s_journal=&s_volume=&s_authors=Erik+D.+Andrulis&s_section=&s_issue=&s_article_type=&s_special_issue=&s_page=&s_search=Search" style="color: black;">Erik D. Andrulis</a></span></span> <span class="title"><span class="type">Article:</span> <a href="http://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/2/1/1/">Theory of the Origin, Evolution, and Nature of Life</a></span> <span class="idnt"><i>Life</i> <b>2012</b>, <i>2</i>(1), 1-105; doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life2010001">10.3390/life2010001</a></span><br />
<span class="authors"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.mdpi.com/search/?q=&s_journal=&s_volume=&s_authors=Victor+Norris&s_section=&s_issue=&s_article_type=&s_special_issue=&s_page=&s_search=Search" style="color: black;">Victor Norris</a></span> and <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.mdpi.com/search/?q=&s_journal=&s_volume=&s_authors=Yohann+Grondin&s_section=&s_issue=&s_article_type=&s_special_issue=&s_page=&s_search=Search" style="color: black;">Yohann Grondin</a></span></span> <span class="title"><span class="type">Article:</span> <a href="http://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/1/1/9/">DNA Movies and Panspermia</a></span> <span class="idnt"><i>Life</i> <b>2011</b>, <i>1</i>(1), 9-18; doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life1010009">10.3390/life1010009</a></span><br />
<span class="authors"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.mdpi.com/search/?q=&s_journal=&s_volume=&s_authors=Richard+Egel&s_section=&s_issue=&s_article_type=&s_special_issue=&s_page=&s_search=Search" style="color: black;">Richard Egel</a></span></span> <span class="title"><span class="type">Essay:</span> <a href="http://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/2/1/170/">Primal Eukaryogenesis: On the Communal Nature of Precellular States, Ancestral to Modern Life</a></span> <span class="idnt"><i>Life</i> <b>2012</b>, <i>2</i>(1), 170-212; doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life2010170">10.3390/life2010170</a></span><br />
<span class="idnt"></span> <span class="authors"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.mdpi.com/search/?q=&s_journal=&s_volume=&s_authors=Victor+Ostrovskii&s_section=&s_issue=&s_article_type=&s_special_issue=&s_page=&s_search=Search" style="color: black;">Victor Ostrovskii</a></span> and <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.mdpi.com/search/?q=&s_journal=&s_volume=&s_authors=Elena+Kadyshevich&s_section=&s_issue=&s_article_type=&s_special_issue=&s_page=&s_search=Search" style="color: black;">Elena Kadyshevich</a></span></span> <span class="title"><span class="type">Article:</span> <a href="http://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/2/1/135/">Life Origination Hydrate Hypothesis (LOH-Hypothesis)</a></span> <span class="idnt"><i>Life</i> <b>2012</b>, <i>2</i>(1), 135-164; doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life2010135">10.3390/life2010135</a></span><br />
<span class="authors"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.mdpi.com/search/?q=&s_journal=&s_volume=&s_authors=Stuart+A.+Kauffman&s_section=&s_issue=&s_article_type=&s_special_issue=&s_page=&s_search=Search" style="color: black;">Stuart A. Kauffman</a></span></span> <span class="title"><span class="type">Article:</span> <a href="http://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/1/1/34/">Approaches to the Origin of Life on Earth</a></span> <span class="idnt"><i>Life</i> <b>2011</b>, <i>1</i>(1), 34-48; doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life1010034">10.3390/life1010034</a></span><br />
<span class="idnt"></span><span class="authors"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.mdpi.com/search/?q=&s_journal=&s_volume=&s_authors=Christopher+H.+House&s_section=&s_issue=&s_article_type=&s_special_issue=&s_page=&s_search=Search" style="color: black;">Christopher H. House</a></span>, <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.mdpi.com/search/?q=&s_journal=&s_volume=&s_authors=Emily+J.+Beal&s_section=&s_issue=&s_article_type=&s_special_issue=&s_page=&s_search=Search" style="color: black;">Emily J. Beal</a></span> and <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://www.mdpi.com/search/?q=&s_journal=&s_volume=&s_authors=Victoria+J.+Orphan&s_section=&s_issue=&s_article_type=&s_special_issue=&s_page=&s_search=Search" style="color: black;">Victoria J. Orphan</a></span></span> <span class="title"><span class="type">Article:</span> <a href="http://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/1/1/19/">The Apparent Involvement of ANMEs in Mineral Dependent Methane Oxidation, as an Analog for Possible Martian Methanotrophy </a></span> <span class="idnt"><i>Life</i> <b>2011</b>, <i>1</i>(1), 19-33; doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life1010019">10.3390/life1010019</a></span><br />
<span class="idnt"></span><br /><span class="idnt"></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3904639295706642486.post-57043966038478608882011-12-31T01:38:00.001-08:002012-04-12T08:06:38.257-07:00Quantum.informational medicine from Belgrade.I got a letter from Rakovic' with greetings for the New Year. It contained an interesting link. Abstracts in english.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.qim2011.org/">SYMPOSIUM OF QUANTUM-INFORMATIONAL MEDICINE QIM 2011</a>:<br />HOLISTIC APPROACHES & TECHNIQUES BASED ON ACUPUNCTURE & CONSCIOUSNESS<br />Belgrade, 23-25 September 2011<br /><br /><a href="http://www.qim2011.org/QIM_2011_Abstracts_e-Book.pdf">EDITORS NOTE</a> p.12-14, D. Raković, M. Mićović, S. Arandjelović<br /><br />ACUPUNCTURE-BASED & CONSCIOUSNESS-BASED HOLISTIC MEDICINE:<br />QUANTUM-INFORMATIONAL PSYCHOSOMATIC FRAMEWORK<br /><br /><br />Contemporary medicine has put its emphasis on „alopatic-dosed non-economic“ highly pharmaceutic-oriented medicine technologies. On the contrary, in the past years more attention is payed to bioadequate „homeopatic-dosed economic“ bioresonant quantum-informational medicine technologies, related to usage of such values of the field energy, appearing in normal functioning of human organism [1–4]. On these lines, contemporary investigations of psychosomatic diseases imply the necessity of application of holistic methods, oriented to healing the person as a whole and not disease as a symptom of disorder of the whole, suggesting their macroscopic quantum origin [3,4].<br /><br />In the focus of these quantum-holistic methods are body's acupuncture system and consciousness – which have quantum-informational structure of quantum-holographic Hopfield-like associative neural network, within the Feynman propagator version of Schrödinger equation [5] – with very significant quantum-holographic psychosomatic implications [3]. In this context, it should be noted that Resonant Recognition Model (RRM) of biomolecular recognition implies that on the biomolecular level information processing is going on in the inverse space of Fourier spectra of the primary sequences of biomolecules [6], similarly to (quantum) holographic ideas that cognitive information processing is going on in the inverse space of Fourier spectra of the perceptive stimuli [7], thus supporting idea on quantum-holographic fractal coupling of various hierarchical levels in biological species.<br /><br />In the context of quantum-informational bioresonant therapies [3,4,8,9], their goal would be a resonant re-emitting of corresponding band of electromagnetic (EM) spectrum of microwave/ultralowfrequency-modulated radiation of the treated psychosomatically disordered (palpatory painful) state (as one of hundreds possible disordered states) thus enabling that its initial memory attractor is resonantly excited becoming more shallower and wider on the account of deepening of the (energy-dominating) attractor of healthy acupuncture (palpatory painless) state – which is then altogether quantum-holographically projected on the lower EM quantum-holographic cellular level, thus changing the expression of genes [3]. In this context, homeopathy might be also categorized into quantum-informational bioresonant therapies, as (non)disolved homeopathic initial substance [10-12] with characteristic EM memory-attractor states (like any other substance, as demonstrated by muscle test of the Applied kineziology [13]), can interact with macroscopic quantum-sensory EM level of the acupuncture system/consciousness and imprint inthere its program of homeopathic correction.<br /><br />On the other hand, in the context of quantum-informational meridian (psycho)therapies [3,14], via simultaneous effects of visualization of the treated (psychologically traumatic) problem and tapping/touching upon the selected acupuncture points, new boundary conditions are imposed in the energy-state space of the acupuncture system/consciousness, and memory attractor of the initial psychosomatic disorder becomes shallower and wider, with greater overlap and followed associative integration into memory attractor of normal (energy-dominating) ego-state. In this context, techniques of energy healing of the acupuncture system/consciousness [15], positively-visualizing meditation healing [16], and various psychotherapeutic techniques for recognition/integration of psychological conflicts and personality growth [17]) might be also categorized into quantum-informational therapies, via introspective emotional/ traumatic excitation with imposed new (psychologically healing) boundary conditions in the energy-state space of the acupuncture system/consciousness.<br /><br />In the same context it is important to make half-a-year diagnostics and balansing of the acupuncture system, whose disbalanse presumably originates from the restituted patient’s mental loads from his non-reprogrammed mental transpersonal environment of the quantum-holographic collective consciousness [3] (as supported by the Tibetan pulse diagnostics, enabling precise diagnosis of psychosomatic disorders not only of the patient himself but also of his family members and enemies [18]).<br /><br />This implies that memory attractors of quantum-holographic network of collective consciousness might be treated as psychosomatic collective disorders which represent generalized field-related quantum-holistic records (including inter-personal finally-reprogramable nonlocal loads, via hesychastic prayer or circular psychotherapies from all relevant meta-positions included in the problem [3]) – which might represent basis of quantum-informational medicine of collective consciousness.<br /><br />So, on the basis of this quantum-holographic context, it might be said that three front lines of integrative psychosomatic medicine do exist [3]: (1) Spirituality and circular (psycho)therapies from all relevant meta-positions, with possibility of permanent erasing of mutual memory attractors on the level of collective consciousness; (2) Eastern (quantum)holistic medicine and non-circular (psycho)therapies, whose efforts temporary erase memory attractors on the level of acupuncture system/individual consciousness, and prevent or alleviate their somatization, as a consequence of the indolence on the first level; (3) Western symptomatic medicine, whose activities on the somatic level via immunology, pharmacology, biomedical diagnostics and surgery hinder or soothe somatized consequences of the carelessness on the first two levels. It should be stressed, that necessary activities on the second and third levels, with neglect of the first level, have a consequence of further transfer of memory attractors on the level of individual and collective consciousness in this and further generations, thus accumulating quantum-holographic loads which afterwards cause not only illnesses, but also interpersonal fights, wars, and other troubles.<br /><br />Symposium “Quantum-Informational Medicine QIM 2011: Acupuncture-Based & Consciousness-Based Holistic Approaches & Techniques” provides fundamental quantum-informational framework for better understanding of the nature of psychosomatic diseases as well as limitations of the healing methods, which might help in developing strategies for psychosomatic integrative medicine in the 21st century.<br /><br />The Editors are indebted to their institutions and numerous sponsors, as well as to members of QIM 2011 Program Commitee, Organizing Commitee, and Secretariat, for logistic support to QIM 2011. We also kindly acknowledge QIM 2011 Symposium plenary and oral speakers and QIM 2011 Workshop teachers for their reports on pioneer research and enthusiastic work in the emerging field of acupuncture-based & consciousness-based holistic medicine and all QIM 2011 Round Table Knowledge Federation Dialog Belgrade 2011 invited participants for their related critical consideration of partial and holistic oriented approaches to physics and engineering, medicine and biology, psychology and transpersonal phenomena, art and philosophy, society and religion.<br /><br />References<br />1. http://www.issseem.org; V. N. Volchenko, Inevitability, reality and possibility of reaching subtle world, Consciousness and Physical Reality, Nos. 1-2 (1996), in Russian.<br />2. V. Stambolović (ed), Alternative Approaches to Health Improvement, ALCD, Belgrade, 2003, in Serbian.<br />3. www.dejanrakovicfund.org; D. Raković, Holistic quantum-holographic framework for psychosomatics, Med Data Rev, 3(2) (2011) 211-214, Invited paper; D. Raković, Integrative Biophysics, Quantum Medicine, and Quantum-Holographic Informatics: Psychosomatic-Cognitive Implications, IASC & IEPSP, Belgrade, 2009; D. Raković, A. Škokljev, D. Djordjević, Introduction to Quantum-Informational Medicine, With Basics of Quantum-Holographic Psychosomatics, Acupuncturology and Reflexotherapy, ECPD, Belgrade, 2009, in Serbian; D. Raković, Fundamentals of Biophysics, 3rd ed, IASC & IEFPG, Belgrade, 2008, in Serbian.<br />4. Group of authors, Anti-Stress Holistic Handbook, With Fundamentals of Acupuncture, Microwave Resonance Therapy, Relaxation Massage, Airoionotherapy, Autogenic Training, and Consciousness, IASC, Belgrade, 1999, in Serbian; Z. Jovanović-Ignjatić, Quantum-Holographic Medicine: Via Acupuncture and Microwave-resonance (Self)regulatory Mechanisms, Quanttes, Belgrade, 2010, in Serbian.<br />5. M. Peruš, Neuro-quantum parallelism in mind-brain and computers, Informatica 20 (1996) 173-183.<br />6. I. Cosic, The Resonant Recognition Model of Macromolecular Bioactivity: Theory and Applications, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, 1997; G. Keković, D. Raković, B. Tošić, D. Davidović, I. Cosic, Quantum-mechanical foundations of Resonance Recognition Model, Acta Phys. Polon. A 17(5) (2010) 756-759.<br />7. K. Pribram, Languages of the Brain: Experimental Paradoxes and Principles in Neuropsychology, Brandon, New York, 1971; K. Pribram, Brain and Perception: Holonomy and Structure in Figural Processing, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, 1991.<br />8. S. P. Sit'ko, L. N. Mkrtchian, Introduction to Quantum Medicine, Pattern, Kiev, 1994; N. D. Devyatkov, O. Betskii (eds), Biological Aspects of Low Intensity Millimetre Waves, Seven Plus, Moscow, 1994; Yu. P. Potehina, Yu. A. Tkachenko, A.M. Kozhemyakin, Report on Clinical Evaluation for Apparatus EHF-IR Therapies Portable with Changeable Oscillators CEM TECH, CEM Corp, Nizhniy Novgorod, 2008.<br />9. Contemporary critical review of Western and Eastern technologies in energy-quantum-informational medicine can be found on the website: www.energy-medicine.info<br />10. B. Bellavite, A. Signorini, The Emerging Science of Homeopathy: Complexity, Biodynamics and exity, Biodynamics and Nanopharmacology,North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, 2002; A. Krstić, Homeopathy and Health. Handbook on Self-Aid and Mutual Aid in Healing People, Mol, Belgrade, 2000, in Serbian; B. Todorović, Scientific Bases of Homeopathy: Bioinformatics and Nanopharmacology Prometej, Novi Sad, 2005, in Serbian.<br />11. R. Voll, Twenty years of electroacupuncture diagnosis in Germany. A progress report, Am. J Acup. 3(1) (1975) 7-17; R. Voll, Topographishe Lage der Messpunkte der Elektroakupunktur, Medizinich Literaturishe Verlagsgesellschaft MBH, Uelzen, 1976, in German.<br />12. A. V. Samohin, Yu. V. Gotovskiy, Electropuncture Diagnostics and Therapy after Voll, 5th ed, IMEDIS, Moscow, 2007, in Russian; M. Yu. Gotovskiy, Yu. F. Petrov, L. V. Chernecova, Bioresonant Therapy, IMEDIS, Moscow, 2008, in Russian.<br />13. W. Fishman, M. Grinims, Muscle Response Test, Richard Marek, New York, 1979.<br />14. R. J. Callahan, J. Callahan, Thought Field Therapy and Trauma: Treatment and Theory, Indian Wells, 1996; Ž. Mihajlović Slavinski, PEAT and Neutralization of Primeival Polarities, Belgrade, 2001.<br />15. W. Lee Rand, Reiki The Healing Touch, Vision, Southfield, 1998; E. Pearl, The Reconnection: Heal Others, Heal Yourself, Hay House, Carlsbad, 2001; V. Stibal, Theta Healing: Go Up and Seek God, Go Up and Work With God, THInK, Idaho Falls, 2006.<br />16. D. Chopra, Quantum Healing: Exploring the Frontiers of Mind/Body Medicine, Bantam, New York, 1989; M. Talbot, The Holographic Universe, Harper Collins, New York, 1991.<br />17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy; S. Milenković, Values of Contemporary Psychotherapy, Narodna knjiga – Alfa, Belgrade, 1997, in Serbian; V. Jerotić, Individuation and (or) Deification, Ars Libri, Belgrade & National and University Library, Priština, 1998, in Serbian; C. Tart (ed), Transpersonal Psychologies, 2nd ed, Harper, San Francisco, 1992.<br />18. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine; S. Petrović, Tibetan Medicine, Narodna knjiga – Alfa, Belgrade, 2000, in Serbian.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Some interesting headings:</span><br />QUANTUM WILL BE MEDICINE OF TOMORROW AND WILL REVOLUTIONISE OUR LIVES!<br />A. Ya. Grabovschiner (Russia), J-L.Garillon (France)<br /><br />MODERN VIEWS OF MECHANISMS & CLINICAL EFFECTS OF MM EM RADIATION<br />B. P. Grubnik (Ukraine) Abstract. Electromagnetic radiation of a millimeter range (ERHF) has versatile influence on a human body and, first of all, on processes of regulation and homeostasis maintenance. Realization of this influence is appreciably provided at the expense of subcellular, cellular mechanisms of regulation of functions and is caused by a number of features. One of the cores, its multilevel character, is: effects of influence are shown at all levels of the biological organization of an organism. In the mechanism of influence ERHF on a human body unique feature is possibility of its resonant interaction with endogenic ERHF. ERHF affects practically all known types of cages (nervous, muscular, reception, etc.) in modeling systems of any level of the organization of biological object. Mechanisms of this influence are defined by specificity of arising changes of functional parameters of a cage, its separate components caused by influence of the given kind of radiation at molecular and sub-molecular level of the organization of a cage. Possibility of updating under the influence of ERHF physics – chemical properties of a plasmatic membrane, activity of enzymes, ionic transport, permeability of cellular membranes, processes of aggregation of cages – are shown. The expressed influence of ERHF on electric activity of separate neuron is shown. Influence of Microwave Resonance Therapy (МRТ) on a sick organism promotes restoration of an aerobic way of recycling of glucose by cells. The extensive clinical and experimental material is testifying changes of the immune status of sick people and after influence of MRT the activity of immune cells is saved up. It is shown that the irradiation of blood of ulcer patients in vitro leads to restoration of the lowered metabolic activity of leukocytes, fagocytic activity of neutrofills, and monocytes. MRT normalizing impact on coagulation system is observed at diseases of cardiovascular system, in particular stenocardias. Usage of MRT at sick of hypertensive illness of I stage restores compensatory possibilities of cardiovascular system, with favorable normalizing impact on hemodynamics. MRT is effective at treatment of gastro duodenal ulcers, at neurologic patients, in complex treatment of patients with hyperplastic processes in a uterus, treatment of gynecologic diseases, in treatment orthopedic, diseases of an urological profile, at treatment of a chronic obstructive bronchitis, in treatment of oncological patients of SH-1Y stage, at sick of a cerebral atherosclerosis, in preventive maintenance and treatment of paresis, a gastro enteric path after operations, treatment of a children's cerebral paralysis. Primary effects concern the general for cages of an organism of the processes underlying ability to live – fabric breath, mechanisms of electronic carrying over. Secondary effects of display of influence of MRT on biological object are defined by hierarchy of levels of the organization peculiar for given biological object. At higher levels of the organization of metaphytes (organic system, level of a complete organism), effects of influence MRT cover the increasing range of displays. At these levels of the biological organization, the increasing role is played by normalization of broken regulation mechanisms – hormonal, nervous, immune, and restoration of the broken functions of separate tissue, bodies, systems of bodies, adaptation-compensatory organism systems. The analysis of results of the usage of MRT in clinical practice allows to conclude that efficiency of microwave resonance therapy is defined not only specifically on the concrete form of diseases, but also in depth of infringement adaptive-compensatory organism systems, convertibility of organic changes in bodies and fabrics. The extensive actual material testified to the various parties of the ERHF influence on biological objects is the basis for the further expansion of a range of searches of applied use of methods of MRT in medicine.<br /><br />ON QUANTUM PHYSICS OF THE ALIVE AND QUANTUM MEDICINE<br />S. P. Sitko, I. Chervony (Ukraine) Abstract. Quantum Physics of the Alive is based on the definition of the Alive (in its distinction from the Dead-inanimate) as a fourth level of quantum organization of Nature (after nuclear, atomic and molecular levels). Self-consistent potential of each living object is formed in accordance with genome as a laser of mm-range wavelength. Such a notion concerning the Alive, grounded on theoretical considerations, clinical material and the direct experiments, allows us to cast a fresh glance on the fundamental problems of biology and not only on them…<br /><br />CEM TECH MICROWAVE RESONANCE TECHNOLOGIES<br />Y. P. Potekhina, Y. A. Tkachenko (Russia)<br /><br />ON-LINE DIAGNOSIS STATE OF A PATIENT IN TREATMENT BY METHODS OF QUANTUM MEDICINE<br />A. V. Ivanovskaya (Ukraine)<br /><br />MICROWAVE RESONANCE THERAPY<br />Z. Jovanović-Ignjatić (Serbia)<br /><br />THE ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS AND GENETICALLY DETERMINED<br />FUNCTION OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM<br />B. Milovanović, V. Radivojević, S. Mutavdžin, B. Milovanović, T. Krajnović (Serbia) Abstract. It is very known fact that according to some new studies hypertension and resting heart rate are genetically determined. According to some studies heart rate variability is the constant related to type of autonomic pattern. Owing to this fact that function of autonomic nervous system is constant, the treatment of diseases could be evaluated using different groups related to type of dysfunction. This is the first but very important step in the development of general principles of personalised medicine. In order to reveal right type of autonomic disorder we used short and long term of HRV analysis with special Ansa Scan Software. A comprehensive study protocol was done including finger blood pressure variability (BPV) and heart rate variability (HRV) beat-to-beat analysis and nonlinear analysis, 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring with QT and HRV analysis, 24-hour blood pressure (BP) monitoring with systolic and diastolic BPV analysis, cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests, cold pressure test, and mental stress test. The patients were also divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic groups, depending on predominance in short term and long term spectral analysis. In the second level of treatment of patients, we used drugs which are in complementary relationship to the type of autonomic pattern.<br /><br />HOMEOPATHY: ENERGY-INFORMATIONAL HOLISTIC VIEWPOINT<br />L. Trifunović (Serbia) Abstract. Homeopathy is a medical system founded by the German doctor and chemist Samuel Christian Hahnemann (1755 – 1843) who had profound insight into life, the human body, health and disease. Only recently modern scientific disciplines, such as quantum physics, have started to explain the discoveries to which Hahnemann came intuitively. Homeopathy, contrary to conventional western medicine, is based on the belief that humans are much more than their material physical body. Homeopathy recognizes levels of existence that are not perceivable by our five senses. The core of our being is made of energy, our vital force. It abides at the energy level, but manifests itself on three different levels. The most subtle level of its manifestation is the mental level where it manifests as thoughts, the next level is our emotional level where it manifests as emotions, and on the physical level its manifestation is material body. When the vital force is in its natural state of balance, its ideal state, it is manifested as mental, emotional and physical health. However, if our vital force is out of balance it is considered in homeopathy as disease. This disease will be expressed by our vital force as pathological symptoms on the mental, emotional and physical levels, extending the concept of disease that classical medicine upholds. For homeopathy disease is possible only at the energy level. Symptoms on the mental, emotional and physical level are only the external, visible manifestation of the disease.<span style="font-weight: bold;"> In homeopathy influences on the vital force that throw it out of balance are called miasms. </span>Miasm is a word of Greek origin which means pollution, impurity, or stain. Hippocrates was the first to use word miasm to explain how diseases are spread by air, water, or other ways. If we treat a single case of pneumonia we can heal it as an acute illness without understanding of miasms. However, if it reoccurs with other illnesses of the respiratory tract, this means there is a tendency towards these diseases. Our aim is to address the tendency and we cannot heal it without the understanding of miasms. Miasms are pathological energy fields that influence the vital force and keep it out of balance. This causes a predisposition towards different kinds of diseases that occur repeatedly, or towards a chronic disease with various complications and the onset of low immunity. As miasms are energetic influences, they could be treated only by other energetic influences, which can be homeopathic remedies. The therapeutic effects of homeopathic remedies are not based on biochemical reactions as in classical medicine, but on the interaction of energies.<br /><br />CHINESE CONCEPT OF FIVE PHASES (WU XING - 五行) IN THE LIGHT OF SYSTEMS SCIENCE<br />N. Mišić (Serbia) .... Therefore, we first tried to unify these concepts and then to bring them in connection with certain mathematical, physical and biological systems and models, with particular reference to the meridian system. This analysis enabled the comprehension of Five Phases as a hierarchical 3D model through the self-similarity symmetry, which is consistent with the observed fractal organization in living systems and with a holistic view of the human body, providing the support for Integrative Medicine.<br /><br />QUANTUM-INFORMATIONAL MEDICINE AND BIORESONANCE TECHNOLOGY<br />R. Prelević (United Kingdom)<br /><br />HARMONIZATION OF HUMAN BODY SYSTEM BY HARMONIZED EM RADIATION<br />WHICH EXCITED LONGITUDINAL MECHANICAL WAVES under 2m IN BIOMOLECULES<br />A. S. Tomić, G. Marjanović, R. Vojnić-Tunić, Dj. Koruga (Serbia) Abstract. The opto-magnetic method [1] is successful applicable to skin properties determination and description. We applied method on “bio-resonant massager”, device produced and applied to bio-medical purposes by Rudolf Vojnić-Tunić, specially adapted Tesla’s coil, working with 4 W power and impetus on frequency in range kHz. How works special camera and software of opto-magnetic device, we demonstrated on example of young man with skin problems, before and after application of Tesla’s coil massager. In these circumstances positive influence of harmonized electro-magnetic radiation in frequent band 880 Hz-125 MHz appears as source of longitudinal low energy mechanical waves in bio-molecules with under 2m, or wave length equal and shorter than human body length. Belong to holistic concept in medicine, it assume fact that human body works as system which presumption for function are harmonization of all subsystem into human body system. According to our previous theoretical investigation [2] we concluded that mechanism of influence to bio-molecules presents non-linear process known as maser effect.<br /><br />MADU MAGNETOTHERAPY<br />D. Mandić, D. Đorđević, D. Cvetković, S. Kažić, J. Popović (Serbia)<br />and its therapies, in bone fractures, osteoneogenesis, rheumatoid artritis, angiogenesis, and <span style="font-weight: bold;">neuroneogenesis</span>.<br />Abstract. The Earth magnetism belongs to one of four natural central forces that have made significant contribution to survival and health preservation of all the life. The substitutional therapy of MADU new medical technology is based on application of two inventions acclaimed as patents and registered as medical devices. The MADU therapy is aknowledged as new health technology in 2007 by Ministry of Health, Republic of Serbia (No. 022-04-19/2006-07), and it includes the application of Trap for shell fragments (first patent) for displacement and evacuation of foreign ferrous remaining fragments, as well as MADU strip (second patent) with wide application field. The confirmed indications, based on experience in medical practice up to now, are: (i) Faster and more complete development of callus in bone fracture; (ii) Delivery of medicaments with ferromagnetic and paramagnetic properties; (iii) Non-invasive displacement and evacuation of ferrous foreign bodies; (iv) Preventive and curative with vein deformations; (v) Immobilization of thrombus for its faster rechanellization; (vi) More lavish oxygen delivery by blood into the areas of reduced micro-circulation; (vii) Reduced swelling in the area under the influence of directed deep magnetic field; (viii) Improved viscosity in the arterial and vein blood vessels; and (ix) Faster and improved regeneration of various tissues, especially cartilage. The subtle influence of permanent magnetic field increases and improves metabolic processes and thus stimulates regenerative processes. The processes of cartilage regeneration, angioneogenesis and neuroneogenesis are of great significance for the mankind. The ancient knowledge (as reflexology, acupuncture...) is very effectively used as the basis of opening gap junction channels - prainformative centers in the organisms. The knowledge accumulated throught centuries of human history is explained and scientificaly approved in 1980s. It was more thoroughly studied and presented in the PhD study about magnetic fields, including MADU (D. Djordjević, MD PhD, 2007/2008). The positive results are obtained in treating disorders of osteoarticular system (ISCD-10, M 00-M 99), as well as in treating disorders of peripheral vasscular system (ISCD-10, I 70-I 99). Both of these groups of common diseases, the most sucessfully treated, have huge social-economic and medical relevancy. The MADU therapy could be applied as additional therapy together with contemporary medical procedures. Having in mind the experience gathered through application of MADU and its effects on local and global level, indicational field is getting more and more wider while contraindications and precautions are narrowing down. Thus, this type of magnetotherapy belongs to the future.<br />bone fractures: Abstract. The human organism does not function solely on the basis of biological and biochemical cellular reactions, but humans are also electromagnetic beings. In cases of very slow healing, the complicated fractures were treated by MADU magnetotherapy with aim to improve the healing of the bone, as MADU field promotes and stimulate calcium ion impact in bone tissue, with very rich vascularization. The gap junction channels (GJCs) are special informational system in bones, which connect not only osteocytes but also all smooth muscle cells in blood vessels of lavishly vascularized bone tissue. The molecular mechanism of electromagnetic field (EMF) and magnetic field (MF) affect metabolism of bone cells in the course of fields’ interference with signal transduction processes, included in hormonal and transmitter, particularly, cytokine regulation of osteoblast function, especially their proliferation and differentiation. The MADU inhibition of IL-1 and TNF-α production disable multiplication of fibroblasts activated by them from a surrounding area, and thereby the replenishment of a defect. More rapid maturation of connective tissue is achieved by MADU, so that increase in osteoblasts activity and Ca2+ metabolism result in increase of minerals deposited into a bone matrix, not only at the surface, but also within a bone depth.<br /><br />bone regeneration: The possibilities of regeneration of bone tissue through the use of static magnetic field (SMF) are great, especially when the SMF is oriented to North (N) magnetic pole face turned towards the skin. .... The research of the effects of SMF at various inductions of exposition of osteoblast calvary cells in culture have shown dose-dependent proliferation and growth of cells during the activation from static G1 phase to S phase, which increases synthesis of DNA and accelerates cell proliferation.<br /><br />RA: MADU magnetic strips, which create magnetic deep unipolar field (shortened MADU) with penetration of 55 cm into human body. It was approved by the Ministry of Health of Serbia in 2007. The therapeutic effects include antinflammatory and analgetic effects of magnetic field, activation of enzymes (particularly mettaloenzymes), activation of K/Na pump which promotes shifting of pH value of treated cartilage towards more basic levels which in turn promotes regeneration of chondrocytes and osteocytes. Considering characteristics of magnetic water, continuous stimulation by MADU achieved long-lasting effects in patients with degenerative disease like coxarthrosis and gonarthrosis. ..... No side effects of MADU therapy have been noted. In conclusion, MADU method provides the state of renewed joint space in respect of cartilage and bone and their maintenance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The process of reparation of the joint space with all the following benefits regarding pain and function, recommends this new non-invasive method as supplementary, with full respect of all scientific and therapeutic methods.<br /><br />Angiogenesis: The MADU strip is based on MAgnetic Deep Unipolar oriented static magnetic field (SMF), using possibilities of reflexogenic therapy on humans. ... After 2.5 years the clinical examination showed that leg was vital, with normal skin temperature and the outpatient could walk. The leg was saved due to developed microcirculation, oxygenation through new-formed small blood vessels successfully providing vitality of the leg. In conclusion, the applied MADU strips with the guaranteed optimal magnetic field intensity lasting for 10 years, is providing long lasting protective activity in the area of the diseased blood vessels and poor tissue nutrition. The initiation of regenerative processes is performed due to known pathophysiology mechanisms changing acid reaction into alkaline, providing regenerative processes. This medical device is environment-friendly, the method is non-invasive, complement to modern medical procedures. No side effects are noticed.<br /><br />Neuroregeneration: One or more magnets, in the form of a strip, are placed on the surface of the body on reflexogenic zones (RZ) and focused like a magnetophore on reflexogenic points (RP), with the north face turned towards the skin [North (N) pole or Negative pole (-)]. The first observations of regenerative processes in sensitive and motoric function of injured nerves were detected from 1992 to 1998 while we treated wounded people by Trap for shell fragments. It was scientifically proven that medium SMF of 1-1000 mT has influence on the various biological systems, including morphology, differentiation and/or proliferation of many types of cells. The experimental research has shown that cell migration, measured by the cell’s diffusion constant, depends on the exposition time and the kind of cells and does not depend on vertical or horizontal direction of applied SMF of 30-120 mT. In neural progenitor cells, cultivated under the SMF of 100 mT, exsist significant increase of expression of mRNA for a few types of proneural gen activators, such as Mash1, Math1 and Math3, together with decreased expression of mRNA for repressor type Hes5. The transitional increase of binding DNA nuclear transcription activation factor protein 1, formed from the members of Fos and Jun family in cultivated hyppocampal neurons of the rats, was found. The rats were under the SMF influence of 100 mT during15 min. The significant potenciation of Ca2+ influx mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors was shown, with decrease of expression microtubule-associated protein (MAP-2) neuronal marker throught the expression Ntan1 gen, which includes ubiquitin-proteasome proteolysis process, as so called N-end rule pathway in hyppocampal neurons cultivated under SMF's influence of 100 mT but without cell death. It was detected that influence of SMF causes neuro reactions, confirmed at the maturation of non-matured cells in a culture of neurons of rat's hyppocampus and achieved throught the modulation of expression specially NMDA receptor's subunits. It was proven that neurit sprouting of chicken's embrional ganglia is significantely increased in SMF of 22,5-90 mT. These discoveries give us a hope for the more efficient healing of many neurogical and psychiatric disorders and diseases.<br /><br />PRAYER AND/OR PSYCHOTHERAPY<br />V. Jerotić (Serbia) In 21st century, there are numerous worth, less worth and worthless psychotherapeutic methods, at disposal of disordered psychical life of people. But, basically, both prayer and psychotherapy (as ways of self-knowing) are necessary for (both healthy and sick) people.<br /><br />HEALTH & EXPERIENCE OF HIGHER STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS (UNIFIED FIELD)<br />Ž. Trišić (Serbia) Abstract. The identification of the unified field by modern physics is only the first glimpse of a new area of investigation that underlies all disciplines of knowledge, and which can be explored not only through objective science but through a new technology of consciousness (Transcendental Meditation, TM), based on capability of human mind to settle into a state of deep silence while remaining awake, and therein to experience a completely unified, simple, and unbounded state of awareness, called pure consciousness, which is quite distinct from our ordinary waking, sleeping or dreaming state of consciousness. This experience is not on the level of thinking, theoretical conjecture, or imagination, but on the level of direct experience. So, even though is a common belief that the unified field of physics is an objective reality of nature while consciousness is a subjective experience, and that the two belong therefore to different categories of existence (one is material another is mental and the two cannot be equated) – we see them as two different modes to approach same reality, unified field or pure consciousness. Each individual nervous system, when refined through practice of TM technique is an instrument through which Unified field becomes accessible for inquiry and investigation through direct experience. Thus, modern physics through its objective method of inquiry has glimpsed a unified field as underlying all of nature, source of order in nature, while by direct experiencing it via TM technique we get influence onto our physiology, which starts working in a more balanced and ordered way. So, we see that TM technique has an important practical application in the area of health. According to Ayurveda (traditional science of life and health) all sickness comes from imbalance. In terms of physiological functioning this means perfect integration and balance from the biochemical and molecular levels to the macroscopic, organismic level.<br /><br />WESTERN MEDICINE & TRADITIONAL HEALING<br />I. Kononenko (Slovenija)<br /><br />MAN AS A QUANTUM-WAVE PSYCHOSOMATIC SYSTEM<br />G. I. Brekhman (Israel, Russia) Abstract. The author considers the Man from a position of the theory of wave–particle duality of a matter. It has opened existence in a nature of ways of interaction and information interchange between genes, cells, persons, about which we did not suspect or knew a little. The concept of duality has allowed understanding the riches of the information contained in the man that has enabled to consider him as a psychosomatic system and to explain some features of thinking and behaviour of the people, sources of their talents and problems, and also feature of functioning in a society and relations with each other. In the certain measure the concept of duality gives an explanation of reasons of diseases, and gives interpretation to methods of treatment, which (despite of the efficiency) ascribe to alternative and do not admit by official medicine. Author describes the uterine myoma as a psychosomatic process, manifesting itself in ischemic uterus disease. He substantiated and used the holistic approach and nonstandard method of psychoelectroregulation in these patients which gave the long-term results.<br /><br />BIOENERGY, BIOFIELD, AURA: ON THEIR NATURE AND PIP CAMERA MEASURING<br />Lj. Ristovski (Serbia) Abstract: There are a variety of doctrinal descriptions of the bioenergies and biofields in different AM systems, which are expressed in different terms and vocabularies, because their origins belong to the different culture traditions. This variety of doctrinal descriptions leads to the irreconcilable differences between the different AM systems, as well as between the majority of them and actual science. However, the supporters of some AM systems exert a trend to express the contents of theirs doctrines using the terms and vocabulary of actual science. In this way, they facilitates the beginning of a dialog with actual science, as well as the reaffirmation of many serious scientific investigations of the phenomena in alternative medicine, which are accomplished during last almost five decades on the periphery of the actual science. In the further, it will be considered the variations of AM doctrines which manifest an interest to establish a dialog with actual science by accepting the terms and vocabulary of actual science, independently on the manner by that the doctrine content is expressed. The main objective of this paper is to show that a small effort will help to achieve consensus on the terminology used in the AM doctrines with scientific terminology. This will help to terms with the same name means the same, although we cannot expect that it will obviously speed up the convergence of doctrine and scientific views about the AM phenomena. Nevertheless, this progress can be expected because the large difference is between felt and measured bioenergy, between seen and photographed. Therefore, the attention is devoted to experimental techniques that allow any type of detection or visualization of the subtle entities of alternative medicine (bienergy, biofield, aura). For reasons that will be later explained, particular attention will be devoted to the PIP (Polycontrast Interference Photography) imaging, which is the unique real time imaging technique. Certainly the most important result of the application of PIP imaging system is the visualization of the energy changes in the human aura, which may be due to bio-energetic, or any other AM therapeutic treatment. It should be noted that the PIP system provides information that enables qualitative analysis but not quantitative analysis of the bio-energetic phenomena. In addition, it is recommended as a diagnostic tool also. However this recommendation must be accepted very cautiously, as will be discussed later.<br /><br />REIKI & SPIRITUALITY<br />M. Milenković, M. Mićović (Serbia) Abstract. Reiki is an ancient spiritual-energetic method of healing, usually considered to be Japanese, and it is applied along with methods of modern medicine in health care institutions around the world. For many years now Reiki has been considered to be No 1 method of self-help in the world. Reiki primarily helps with reduction of stress, with relaxation, and is also used for mobilizing/activating all defense mechanisms in the human body. It improves the efficiency of all bodily functions, and allows us to reach a state of harmony between the physical, mental and emotional levels of our being. The highly developed, non-standard approach to Reiki allows everyone to acquire selected techniques and use them successfully for self-help, without having to attend traditional training classes, usually required for the Reiki method. Combining of Reiki techniques with acupressure, with breathing and stretching exercises, as well as with mechanisms of the human reflexes and mental orientation, can allow everyone to find their own ways to prevent further development of various health problems, caused primarily by stress. The use of self-help to reduce stress, to relax, improve concentration and memory capacity, to improve one’s mood in general and increase the energy potential of the body, is necessary and easily applied in everyday life. Association Reiki of Serbia is founded in 2001 and has several hundreds members, actively f Serbia is founded in 2001 and has several hundreds members, actively participating in coninuously organized educations and seminars. In participating in coninuously organized educations and seminars. In 2008 Reiki was formally acknowledged by Committee for Regulation of Traditional Medicine, in Serbian Ministry of Health, as a method of improving general health of people. By establishing these regulations it was officialy enabled to introduce Reiki therapy into medical institutions in Serbia.<br /><br />QUANTUM TRANSFORMATION<br />S. Simonovska (Austria) Abstract. Quantum Transformation is a practical application of the Two Points Method in the field of healing and life issues solving. Two Points Methods has its roots in the ancient Hawaiian spiritual technique of Huna, rediscovered independently by Dr. Richard Bartlet (Matrix Energetics) and Dr. Frank Kinslow (Quantum Entrainment), with a great contribution of Andrew Blake (QCT-Quantum Consciousness Transformation). Not only because it is easy, simple to use, and at the same time very effective, but also because of the possibility of combining it with other therapeutic and healing techniques, Two Points Method is spreading through Europe very quickly. When two distinct points on the body or aura get connected, Quantum waves are produced, initiating huge changes on all levels and in all areas of life. Quantum Waves initiation makes changes on a deepest level, altering our Matrix. The Matrix contains our deepest beliefs, in other words, fixed attitudes originated from individual consciousness and different life stages (the childhood, the prenatal period, the birth process, conception or inheritance - karma) and fixed attitudes derived from group or collective consciousness. Those subconscious beliefs are often opposed to our conscious beliefs and they are the main cause of our psychological and physical suffering, as well as many diseases. Faster transformation of subconscious beliefs can be achieved using Quantum Waves, which leads toward change of our reality. The essence of Quantum Transformation is pure consciousness. Pure consciousness is actually pure love. Quantum Transformation is a method that uses love energy for healing purposes. Quantum Transformation workshops, using quantum waves, meditation, music, movement and body work “teach us” through experience how to use the energy of love in healing and combining this method with other healing and energy based methods.<br /><br />ABIKU PHENOMENON: SPIRITUAL ORIGIN AND TREATMENT OF SELF-DESTRUCTIVENESS<br />M. Tomšić Akengen (Slovenia) Abstract. The philosophy of Ifa with its origin in Africa, where it has been preserved to this very day by the people of Yoruba, contains the entire opus of understanding a human life, character, predestination, destiny and nature. One of the toughest challenges is how to treat (heal) someone, who is born with the energy of Abiku – born to die prematurely (born to experience premature death). Ifa considers the individual top priority, using all the knowledge and instruments it deals with making the individuals life good here and now, in this life. Everyone is born with some sort of predestination. It is not fate, because if something is fated, then the individual has no way of affecting that. But when something is predestinated, someone can realize that or not, because everyone is responsible for his own life. In life we have all that which we can call good luck: progress, longevity, health, luck… But good goes hand-in-hand with destructive energy, and if we wish to achieve the good, we have to neutralize the bad. We can classify destructive energy into four basic destructive elements: death, sickness, failure and confusion. When we consider a person who has the abiku syndrome, it means that these destructive energies are constantly stalking him and that he is under heavy influence in at least one area by some of these elements. When everything seems to go well, and suddenly it seems as if one of these energies got activated, and it gives out the impression of being out of the person’s control. Spiritually it is considered for people with this energy, that they have been heavily involved in a parallel spiritual world. It is considered that they have their own group in the parallel world, which constantly pulls the person back or make his life here unbearable, and make him wish to leave from here sooner.<br /><br />ENTHEOGENIC SHAMANISM: ANTHROPOLOGY CATEGORY, TRANSPERSONAL DIMENSION OR PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MODEL<br />Č. Hadži Nikolić (Serbia) Abstract. The most significant dimension of entheogenic shamanistic ritual, being an essence of therapeutic pracice in isolated groups of Amazonia, is that dimension which touches universal themes, from person’s identity to its place in cosmic scheme. This experience is described as transcending boarders of empirical reality, coming out the framework of profane existence and entering into realm of cosmic existence and meeting with most supreme principle. In psychology literature it is frequently called transpersonal experience, as being denoted a mystical experience in religious terminology. The question arises on characteristics of this experience (if it exists) in the framework of shamanistic concept, as according to many experts on shamanism it does not have this (mystical) component being exclusively oriented to practical purposes of healing. According to shamanistic practice in observed groups, these categories are not excluded mutually. On the contrary, they are complementary, with mystical or transpersonal experience in direct function of healing, if this healing is comprehended in the context of shamanistic concept of disease. As in this mystical experience a person is continuously returning back to his mystical trans-subjective roots and beginnings, a shamanistic return into myth past with myth scenes and symbols achieving significant relationship between a person and universe is completely reasonable. This transition from “here and now” into “there and then” means experience of transcending space and time limitations, i.e. coming out form narrow profane human framework and entering into realm of transpersonal experiences. In this context a shamanistic “road” which basically is searching for absolute, undoubtedly does have elements of mystical. Mystical, however, does not exclude practical goals of this road. On the contrary, mystical or let us call it transpersonal or integrative experience, is complementary in respect to these goals. In other words, this experience is in direct function of shamanistic action, in first place of healing.<br /><br />RECONNECTION: EXAMPLE OF INCREASED REGENERATION OF BONE FRACTURES & MUSCLE DAMAGES<br />D. Nešić (Serbia)<br /><br />BIOLOGICAL DECODING<br />A. Frauenkron-Hoffmann (Luxemburg), D. Portić (Serbia) Abstract. Sometimes in past, it has been thought that physical and psychical changes or illness is a result of damnation, or evil faith which affects us from external illness causes. Today we have a rather different view on that particular problem. With latest scientific discoveries it has been proven that sickness is a direct response on stressful situations, which in that given moment can’t be processed on mental or emotional level. We do not become ill by coincidence, illness always has a direct link with things going on in our life. If it comes to resolving the problem, we do not get ill, if not, it becomes biological stress (stress of direct life endangerment) which can be an illness generator apropos symptom on physical level. Illness or dysfunction of organism is influenced by very precise biological laws. Two-phased progression of every illness can be traced (Dr. Hamer): symphathicotony and vagothony. This knowledge serves us in apprising direct course of illness (why this illness and not any other one), as it shows a logical flow on emotional, mental and physical level. Our behavioural patterns have crucial part in shaping our way of responding on stressful situation (just that and not any other way). When in stressful situation, our brain begins searching for every kind of data, information and programs which could bring to its solution. In that moment brain chooses the best possible reaction, and influenced by experience - best behavioural pattern, having only one aim and that is to empower further existence. Our brain memorises primarily three types of data which it uses in stressful situations (Useful Biological Program): (i) all experiences and circumstances since birth to this very moment, followed by emotions and perceptions; (ii) all that we have experienced before we were born, since the moment of conception, even our moment of birth are completely integrated in our system; (iii) everything that our ancestors have experienced is also available to our brain. Decoding can be established by endeavouring toward two directions. First course is establishing and explaining crucial cause of stressful situation, therefore it is of at most importance to take precautions against objective circumstances being the trigger for genesis of a disease, but emotional feeling of the individual itself, so as which behavioural pattern will occur in certain stressful situation (different person react differently on the same kind of stress). Second course is releasing old behavioural patterns and gaining new mental pictures which awake new emotions annulling the old ones at the same time. Images from the past are always the cause of our illness. If we could manage to transform our mental images and to them related emotions, we could live healthier in future. Often just the realisation that there is a choice is enough: Stay devoted to old pattern (which in some cases can represent death) or establish new ones. We are not able to become new people, but we can learn how to control old mechanisms which made are ill in the first place!<br /><br />THERMOVISUAL MONITORING OF YOGA NIDRA PRACTICE<br />D. Nikolovski, Z. Stević (Serbia)<br /><br />SKIN CONDUCTANCE PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF NOVEL HOLISTIC TRANSPERSONAL DIAGNOSTICS AND HEALING<br />and<br />EEG PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF NOVEL HOLISTIC<br />TRANSPERSONAL DIAGNOSTICS AND HEALING<br />B. Bedričić, M. Stokić, Z. Milosavljević, D. Milovanović, D. Raković, M. Sovilj, S. Maksimović (Srbija)<br /><br />CONTRIBUTION OF ANOMALOUS INTENSITIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS IN ETIOPATOGENESIS OF MENTAL DISORDERS AND DISEASES<br />N. Trifunović, D. Jevdić, A. Jevdić, K. Jevdić (Serbia) Abstract. The aim of this paper is to consider contribution of anomalous intensities of electromagnetic and magnetic fields in etiopatogenesis of mental disorders and diseases. This research has been applying in past 20 years, with objective geophysical evaluation by proton magnetometer produced in USA and geological compass "Brunton". In this period we have examined a couple of hundreds patients with different type of mental disorders (sy anx-depressivum, depression, schizophrenia) both sex and all ages. We applied BPRS scale for sy anx-depressivum, Hamilton scale for depression, and PANSS scale for schizophrenia. Hereby we present several case studies. Results are excellent after the patients spent time in spaces with natural values of EM-M fields. During examination patients were receiving regular medicine (pharmacotherapy). Finally, we will present theoretical model for influence of geomagnetic field and cosmic radiation on the biological evolution.<br /><br />CONTRIBUTION OF ANOMALOUS INCREASE OF MAGNETIC FIELD IN ETIOPATOGENESIS OF CARDIAC-VASCULAR DISEASES<br />N. Trifunović, D. Jevdić, A. Jevdić, K. Jevdić (Serbia)<br /><br />CONTRIBUTION OF ANOMALOUS INTENSITIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS IN ETIOPATOGENESIS OF MALIGNANT DISEASES<br />N. Trifunović (Serbia)<br /><br />SIXTY: „NUMBERS ARE LETTERS BY WHICH THE UNIVERSE IS BUILT“<br />CLASSICAL-QUANTUM AND INFORMATION PHYSICS APPROACH TO LIFE AND MEDICINE<br />Dj. Koruga (Serbia) Abstract. In this paper serendipity event is presented, which highlights Galileo’s number importance: numbers are letters by which the Universe is built. In our case the simulative effect of the number sixty importance comes from contemporary science: nanotechnology of carbon materials with sixty atoms and molecular structure of clathrin in our brain. However, we found out that roots of number sixty lie hidden in thought of ancient civilization. Moreover, in some way sixty is the part of light (c=lambda x v) as ratio of spatio-temporal unity through wavelength ( in nm) and frequency (v in THz). If we use model of light, of both classical and quantum properties, as model of an existence (life) – then embryogenesis (as the primary quantum process) presents information processing which makes set up of events (with different probabilities) for a life after birth. Which one of these events will happen depends on probability of events in classical information processing during life. Classical and quantum probabilities are complements and compatible to each other. In everyday life this complex manifestation is given as our behavior based on interaction of real-imaginary and rational-irrational pairs dynamics (logic square of our fingerprint).<br /><br />THE UNIVERSAL CODE AS A REALITY OF HOLISM<br />M. M. Rakočević (Serbia)... possible asspects of a universal code attatched to human mind, the reality of holism...<br /><br /><br />ONTOGENETIC AND PSYCHOGENETIC INSIGHT INTO THE TRADITIONAL CHAKRAS DOCTRINE<br />Lj. M. Ristovski (Serbia),,G. S. Davidović-Ristovski (Serbia) Abstract. As it should be expected, the doctrinal theories of traditional medicine obviously belong to the domain of metascience (metaphysics). It means that they are based on revealed truths, which are necessarily expressed by an symbolic and metaphoric language. On the other hand, scientific theories are based on perceived truths, which are expressed by the language, which necessarily excludes the metaphors and symbols. Therefore, symbolic statements, as well as revealed truth, per definitionem cannot be expressed in a rational way, i.e. metascientific content can not be fully expressed in a scientific manner. The aim of this paper is not to translate the traditional (metaphysical) Chakras doctrine into the language of science, but to point out that in that teaching exist the contents which can be scientific interpretated. Namely, Chakras teaching, could survive for so long, only because the practice findings supports it. The traditional medicine practice can not be always explained in a scientific way, but it can not be completely ignored, if they have survived for centuries and millennia, as it is case with Chakras teaching. Specifically, as it will be pointed in this paper, the scientific knowledge about the human ontogenesis and psychhogenesis, can be unambiguously associated with the empirically established findings, which are implicitly included in the Chakras teaching. In addition, based on this correspondence, it is possible to come up to the concept of a psychogenetic explanation of (so called) opening and balancing of chakras. Finally, there are serious indications that the process of opening the chakras can be closely linked to psychiatric regression analysis.<br /><br />REFLEXOLOGY<br />D. Djordjević (Serbia), D. Mandić (Serbia) Abstract. Reflexology is a science dealing with mechanisms of origin, development and acting of every kind of reflexes on the all levels of ontophylogenesis. It is interdisciplinary branch of biology, which has its subject, branches, sub-branches, principles, conditions and mechanisms. The subject of reflexology is research on all levels of ontophylogenesis: principles of functioning, mechanisms of origin, development and acting, as well as influence of all kinds of reflexes from the simplest to the most complex. Basic fields of reflexology are: medical reflexology, dentristry (dental) reflexology, veterinary reflexology, animal (zoo) reflexology, and fitoreflexology. Basic branches of reflexology are: reflexodiagnostics, reflexotherapy, reflexoprophylaxis, and reflexoergonomics. Basic methods of reflexology are: physioreflexology, hemioreflexology, and bioreflexology. Basic principles of reflexology are: holographic or quantum-holographic [Tao (holistic) conception or conception of unique wholeness], circulation of energy [meridian’s (Jing-Luo) conception or conception of acupuncture channels (reflexogenic meridians)], ontophylogenic (Haeckel’s law), rhythmic functioning, self-regulation of the body systems, reverberation links (energetics and other influences), action-reaction, reflexogenic aferentation (conditional-unconditional reflex)... In Western medicine, reflexology is a treatment modality which employs only manual pressure to specific areas of the body, usually the feet and the hands, which are thought to correspond to internal organs, in order to generate positive health effects. However, in Eastern medicine and nowadays appearing Integrative medicine, reflexology is an application of any treatment modality on reflexogenic zones, reflexogenic points or reflexogenic meridians (e.g. digitopressure, acupressure, acupuncture, laseropuncture, magnetopuncture, magnetic hammer, moxibustion, cupping, etc.). In this holistic framework, each organism is considered as (quantum-holographic) unique wholeness whose health status is manifested by reflexogenic (acupuncture) zones and their (acupuncture) points, linked in pathes of reflexogenic (acupuncture) meridians. Reflexogenic zones are exteroceptive projections of internal organs on the skin (head, nose, ears, palms, foots), mucous membrane (endonasal, gums, tongue) and iris. Reflexogenic points are locations in which is occuring energy exchange (transformation) with external environment according to the principle of functioning of "body channels" or reflexogenic meridians. Through reflexogenic points as mirrors of the organ status or some individual function, one can regulate disturbed energetic equilibrium between some of organs and body parts, also between wholeness of organism as mikrocosmos and its environment, macrocosmos. Morphofunctional basis of reflexogenic zones, points and meridians is ontophylogenic linkeage of internal organs and all sistems in organisms with the most ancient energy-informational system, which is composed of the gap junction channels network.<br /><br />THE ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL SIGNALS AND GENETICALLY DETERMINED<br />FUNCTION OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM<br />B. Milovanović, V. Radivojević, S. Mutavdžin, B. Milovanović, T. Krajnović (Serbia)<br /><br />NEW NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR BRAIN STIMULATION AND IMAGING<br />G. Vitaliano (USA), F. Vitaliano (USA)<br /><br />CONSCIOUSNESS-BASED HOLISTIC ORIENTED APPROACHES TO PSYCHOTHERAPY<br />S. Milenković (Serbia) Abstract. Discussed here is creative challenge faced by the new profession of psychotherapy in a new millenium. Creation of consciousness-based holistic spiritual/transpersonal psychotherapy without ego is that challenge. It means basically the transformation of consciousness, of the inner feeling of one’s own existence, as well as the release of the individual form all kinds of conditioning imposed upon one’s by society. It’s characterised by transformation, self-transcendence, and expanded consciousness in which treatment is targeted primarily to the spiritual/transpersonal dimension.<br /><br />SCIENCE AND BODY PSYNTESIS HOLISTIC APPROACHES.<br />BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY AND TE-PSYNTESIS<br />Lj. Klisić (Serbia), A. Djordjević (Serbia) et al<br />Abstract. Body-Psychotherapy is a distinct branch of Psychotherapy, well within the main body of Psychotherapy, which has a holistic theoretical position. It involves a different and explicit theory of mind-body functioning which takes into account the complexity of the intersections and interactions between the body and the mind. The common underlying assumption is that the body is the whole person and there is a functional unity between mind and body. Directly or indirectly the body-psychotherapist works with the person as an essential embodiment of mental, emotional, social and spiritual life. He/she encourages both internal self-regulative processes and the accurate perception of external reality. Through his/her work, the body-psychotherapist makes it possible for alienated aspects of the person to become conscious, acknowledged and integrated parts of the self. In order to facilitate this transition from alienation to wholeness, the body-psychotherapist works with signs indicating vegetative flow in the organism, muscular hypertension and hypotension, energetic blockage, energetic integration, pulsation and stages of increasing and natural self regulative functioning. And the phenomena of psychodynamic processes of transference, counter- transference, projection, defensive regression, creative regression and various kinds of resistance. Almost one century ago Wilhelm Reich introduced work with self regulative processes and with cosmic superimposition. We are continuing his work here more than 3 decades, within TePsyntesis - Serbian Training School of Body Psychotherapy, founded by Prof. Dr. Ljiljana Klisic in 1976, in Belgrade, Serbia, ex-Yugoslavia. It has all characteristics of Body Psychotherapy schools, but TePsyntesis has also evolved from thirty years of research by Dr. Klisic into drives development and relationship between life force and consciousness, and it has trained more than 200 professionals. TePsyntesis offers also a new meta-theory of drives development: aggression and sexuality. In TePsyntesis we are studying and researching evolution of the basic human instinctual drives: (i) Instinct for self-preservation (aggression), (ii) Instinct for procreation of the species (sexuality). Only in unity of mind and body that opens up a suppressed spiritual dimension, we can approach the whole scope of evolution: (i) Evolution of primitive aggression and destruction towards mature power integrated with developed value system to non-dual power, (ii) Evolution of primitive sexuality towards Bliss and supreme Joy.<br /><br />MAN AS A QUANTUM-WAVE PSYCHOSOMATIC SYSTEM<br />Grigori I. Brekhman. Abstract. The author considers the Man from a position of the theory of wave–particle duality of a matter. It has opened existence in a nature of ways of interaction and information interchange between genes, cells, persons, about which we did not suspect or knew a little. The concept of duality has allowed understanding the riches of the information contained in the man that has enabled to consider him as a psychosomatic system and to explain some features of thinking and behaviour of the people, sources of their talents and problems, and also feature of functioning in a society and relations with each other. In the certain measure the concept of duality gives an explanation of reasons of diseases, and gives interpretation to methods of treatment, which (despite of the efficiency) ascribe to alternative and do not admit by official medicine. Author describes the uterine myoma as a psychosomatic process, manifesting itself in ischemic uterus disease. He substantiated and used the holistic approach and nonstandard method of psychoelectroregulation in these patients which gave the long-term results.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1